“…Unfortunately, the associated computational cost is heavy. Several stochastic modeling paradigms have been proposed to describe heterogeneity in tumors such as Markov chains [23,28,29,36], branching processes [25,35,10,16,37,41,13,31] and even stochastic di↵erential equations [11,7,1], but they were all focused on the steady-state responses of cell populations.…”