Tumor immune response and immunotherapy in gastric cancer

Abstract

Recent studies have reported the promising results of immunotherapy in many solid tumors [1]. Unlike traditional cancer therapy, which targets the tumor directly, immunotherapy offers a different approach and is an alternative treatment option for patients with cancer. Because immunotherapy generally engages immune reactions to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, demand for understanding the tumor immune response has increased. Resulting from increased study, novel biomarkers associated with the tumor immune reaction have emerged. These biomarkers may allow innovative approaches in patient selection for immunotherapy and lead to advanced treatment response, expanding the potential impact of immunotherapy. After the advent of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy agents, the importance of immunotherapy in gastric cancer (GC) has continuously increased. In this review article, we recapitulate the general concept of immuno-oncology and discuss its clinical application while focusing on historical and current clinical trials.

Deep Learning Predicts Underlying Features on Pathology Images with Therapeutic Relevance for Breast and Gastric Cancer

“…Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that epigenetic silencing of MLH1 functions as a repressive transcriptional signal. The commonly accepted association of MLH1 and MMR-deficient gastric cancers is also confirmed by these data [23][24][25]. We further evaluated how mutational activity is modulated in our MMRD and MMRP groups ( Figure 6C,E,F).…”

Identification of prognosis-related genes in the tumor microenvironment of stomach adenocarcinoma by TCGA and GEO datasets

“…STAD is Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic gastritis, and frequently characterized by the immune cell infiltration, containing granulocytes, macrophages, and T lymphocytes [8,9]. Tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs), primarily T cells, are the major type of infiltrating immune cells in cancer tissues, and produce soluble cytokines that regulate the proliferation and migration of cancer cells, promote angiogenesis, and participate in activation of host defense mechanism [10][11][12]. In STAD, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration into tumor tissue was correlates significantly with tumor vascularity, the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node status and clinical stages [13,14].…”

Current status and future potential of predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer

“…As discussed above, several clinical trials are currently ongoing with various strategies. 30 31 The phase III ATTRACTION-04 (NCT02746796) trial is evaluating nivolumab plus standard chemotherapy (oxaliplatin plus either S-1 or capecitabine) versus chemotherapy alone in Asian patients. 16 The phase II component (part 1) of this study showed chemotherapy plus nivolumab led to an ORR of 65.8% and median PFS of 9.5 months, while the subsequent phase III trial (part 2) is evaluating the survival outcomes.…”

“… 14 In situ hybridisation detection of EBV-encoded small RNA in tumour cells is generally recommended to identify EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC). 30 The incidence of EBVaGC varies from 1% to 30% in different regions with an average of 10% worldwide. 45 Nevertheless, this subgroup is associated with better prognosis, thus less frequently found in advanced or metastatic setting.…”