“…Recent meta-analysis has shown also that individuals carrying TNF-α − 308 A risk allele were significantly associated with SLE in European, South American and Mexican subjects but was not associated with SLE in Asian and African subjects ( Pan et al, 2012 ). Similar conclusion regarding the association of TNF-α − 308 A allele was also found among Brazilian ( Angelo et al, 2012 ), Colombian ( Guarnizo-Zuccardi et al, 2007 ), Mexican ( Jiménez-Morales et al, 2009 ), North American ( Parks et al, 2004 ), Spanish ( Suárez et al, 2005 ), Asian ( Lin et al, 2009 ) and Caucasian ( van der Linden et al, 2001 ) patients. This might be explained by the fact that TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in different immune-regulated diseases including autoimmune, infectious, and malignant ones ( Lee et al, 2006 ).…”