“…Consistent with this latter postulate, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), as well as other pro‐inflammatory cytokines (Roubenoff et al , 1998; Ershler & Keller, 2000; Bruunsgaard, 2002; Bruunsgaard & Pedersen, 2003; Krabbe et al , 2004; Ferrucci et al , 2005), may directly suppress erythropoiesis by signalling through TNFα receptors expressed on haematopoietic progenitors (Rusten & Jacobsen, 1995). Although TNFα has been demonstrated to inhibit erythroid differentiation of K562, HEL and TF1 cells through activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways and regulation of erythroid specific transcriptional factors, including GATA binding factor‐1 ( GATA1 ), GATA binding factor‐2 ( GATA2 ) and zinc finger protein, multi‐type 1 [ ZFPM1 , previously termed friend of GATA1 ( FOG1 )] (Buck et al , 2008), a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which TNFα suppresses erythroid differentiation and proliferation of primary human haematopoietic progenitors remains elusive.…”