“…Following muscle injury, TNF-␣, the chemokines MCP-1, IL-8, and GM-CSF, and COX-2 accelerate muscle repair by recruiting neutrophils and macrophages, reducing the expression of TGF- mRNA, and increasing MyoD mRNA expression (112,113,140,141,161,163). IL-6 does not play an acute role in repairing muscle injury (161), but it is involved in muscle hypertrophy (1,138).…”