“…These oxidative effects of As 2 O 3 result in the disruption of key signal transduction pathways, leading to the induction of apoptosis (Li et al, 2002). Indeed, As 2 O 3 activates the MAPK signaling pathways (Cavigelli et al, 1996;Meriin et al, 1999;Verma et al, 2002) and therefore induces the phosphorylation of a subset of transcription factors (AP-1, Elk, ATF2, CREB and others) (Bebien et al, 2003), PML (Hayakawa and Privalsky, 2004) and histones (Li et al, 2002(Li et al, , 2003aHe et al, 2003). This leads to the increased transcription of critical apoptosisand proliferation-associated genes including among others, the proto-oncogenes c-fos, c-jun and Egr-1 (Lim et al, 1998;Bernstam and Nriagu, 2000;Liu et al, 2003) and caspases (Li et al, 2002).…”