“…There are various reasons, for instance, due to their short half-life, immunogenicity, failure to pass the blood-brain barrier, off-target effects and so on (Castanotto & Rossi, 2009 ; Ciccone et al., 2023 ). To improve targeting ability and good biocompatibility, EVs from breast cancer cells were used to load sis100A4 (Zhao et al., 2020 ; Pan et al., 2023 ). A further investigation by Alvarez-Erviti et al.…”