Tumour necrosis factor‐α‐induced protein 8‐like 2 is a novel regulator of proliferation, migration, and invasion in human rectal adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract

Tumour necrosis factor‐α‐induced protein 8‐like 2 (TIPE2) is a tumour suppressor in many types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action of TIPE2 on the growth of rectal adenocarcinoma is unknown. Our results showed that the expression levels of TIPE2 in human rectal adenocarcinoma tissues were higher than those in adjacent non‐tumour tissues. Overexpression of TIPE2 reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells and down‐regulation of TIPE2 showed reverse effects. TIPE2 overexpression increased apoptosis through down‐regulating the expression levels of Wnt3a, phospho (p)‐β‐Catenin, and p‐glycogen synthase kinase‐3β in rectal adenocarcinoma cells, however, TIPE2 knockdown exhibited reverse trends. TIPE2 overexpression decreased autophagy by reducing the expression levels of p‐Smad2, p‐Smad3, and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) in rectal adenocarcinoma cells, however, TIPE2 knockdown showed opposite effects. Furthermore, TIPE2 overexpression reduced the growth of xenografted human rectal adenocarcinoma, whereas TIPE2 knockdown promoted the growth of rectal adenocarcinoma tumours by modulating angiogenesis. In conclusion, TIPE2 could regulate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human rectal adenocarcinoma cells through Wnt/β‐Catenin and TGF‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathways. TIPE2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma.

Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates the Growth of Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells

“…At room temperature, colonies were fixed with methanol for 15 min and subsequently stained with 0.5% crystal violet for 30 min. The plates were scanned and the numbers of colonies were counted [31].…”

“…Cells (1 × 10 4 /well) were suspended in the medium containing 0.6% agarose and overlaid onto a basal layer of 1.2% agarose in 6-well plates. After 14 days, colonies were observed under an Olympus CKX41 microscope and the numbers of colonies were counted [31].…”

“…Tumor samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The specimens were sectioned at 5 μ m thickness and processed according to HE staining protocols [31]. Tumor tissues were observed using a Zeiss Axioskop 2 plus microscope.…”

“…Tumor tissues were stained with CD31 antibody (CST, Danvers, MA, USA). Vessels were observed and counted by using a Zeiss Axioskop 2 plus microscope [31].…”

<p>Regulatory Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Protein 8 Like-Protein 2 in Inflammation, Immunity and Cancers: A Review</p>

“…TIPE2 expression level in rectal cancer tissues was also much higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. TIPE2 suppressed proliferation, growth, migration, and invasion of rectal adenocarcinoma cells via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathways, indicating it might be a potential target in rectal adenocarcinoma treatment 75 ( Table 1 ). In the study of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), TIPE2 overexpression was observed in tumor samples, and inhibited viability, proliferation, and invasion of PTC cells.…”