“…In the past few years, much effort has been made to actively manipulate the transmission, reflection, or absorption spectra of electromagnetic waves, which is based on electrically tunable surface conductivity of graphene, in a very wide frequency range including microwave [5,6], terahertz (THz) , infrared , and visible regime [66][67][68][69]. Such graphene-based active manipulation of electromagnetic waves is under external electrical stimulus without re-building-related structures, which aims to efficiently modulate the amplitude [5, 7-21, 34-57, 66-72], phase [6,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][58][59][60][61][62], and polarization [29-33, [63][64][65] of electromagnetic waves. The three kinds of electromagnetic wave modulators are the most important for signal processing in free-space optical communications [1][2][3][4].…”