Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy based Oxygen Sensor

Verma, Rishi Kumar; Neethu, S; Kamble, Sudhir S.; Radhakrishnan, J.; Krishnapur, PP; Padki, V. C.

doi:10.1109/icsenst.2012.6461655

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Oxygen sensors were the first to be developed: in 1956, Leland C. Clark developed the first electrochemical oxygen sensor, known as the Clark Cell [31,94,95]; in 1961, Peters and Mobius developed the Lambda probe to perform oxygen measurements in vehicle engines, helping with the admission control and fuel mixture to achieve the best performance, in terms of fuel consumption or in terms of power [31,96], and it has been produced by Bosch since 1976. Both developed sensors are consumable, reacting with oxygen, in order to provide an output value representing the gas concentration in the environment [97,98]. After the development of these expensive, and not so accurate sensors, the research for new technologies capable of granting more accurate measurements and more durable devices to this field have been taking advantage on many characteristics of the sensed gases; as an example, oxygen has magnetic characteristics, consequently, it can be measured by the attraction to a magnetic field.…”

Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the sensors have a reversible reaction, while other have an irreversible one, the latter being expendable with 2 to 5 years of lifetime. The response generated by the presence of the target gas is either linear or non-linear, depending on the materials and target gases [28,97,98]. It is fundamental to grant the quality of the air patients are breathing at a hospital, as well as to provide the correct mixture to divers, in particular to deep diving, where the gas mixture the diver must breathe is different according to the time and depth of the activity.…”

Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over time, other sensing methods were developed, exploring the propagation characteristics of the gases to perform measurements, and comparing with a reference to determine which gas is being sensed. The analyzed characteristics vary from signal attenuation, frequency shifting, propagation time, among others, and are performed by acoustic or optical sensors [28,31,94,[97][98][99][100][101][102]. Moreover, the miniaturization of gas transducers has taken place in the research topics [20][21][22]25], as well as the development of wireless gas sensors, to monitor remote areas and easily collect and analyze data from the environment [34,35,95,[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114].…”

Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 6 illustrates this technique of sensing gases. Absorption spectroscopy techniques, such as tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) consists in the emission of a modulated wavelength at a determined frequency and am- Absorption spectroscopy techniques, such as tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) consists in the emission of a modulated wavelength at a determined frequency and amplitude trough a fixed length with the presence of the gas; part of the light is absorbed, and then the light beam is detected by a photo-diode; on the TDLAS technique, the gas is sensed by the analysis of the harmonics of the signal, making use of the Beer-Lambert law [28,31,98]. Shao et al [137] discussed integration between the optical spectrometry and electrochemistry to sense NH 3 , without any calibration.…”

Section: Opticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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Ambient gas detection and measurement had become essential in diverse fields and applications, from preventing accidents, avoiding equipment malfunction, to air pollution warnings and granting the correct gas mixture to patients in hospitals. Gas leakage can reach large proportions, affecting entire neighborhoods or even cities, causing enormous environmental impacts. This paper elaborates on a deep review of the state of the art on gas-sensing technologies, analyzing the opportunities and main characteristics of the transducers, as well as towards their integration through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This should ease the information collecting and sharing processes, granting better experiences to users, and avoiding major losses and expenses. The most promising wireless-based solutions for ambient gas monitoring are analyzed and discussed, open research topics are identified, and lessons learned are shared to conclude the study.Technologies to sense gases and wireless communications support are elaborated in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. The most promising solutions in terms of sensing methods and IoT-enabled solutions are discussed in Section 7 and open research topics are identified. Lessons learned are shared at Section 8 and, finally, Section 9 concludes the study. Background on Environmental GasesSome gases are the key to ensure the functionality of systems and entire industries, as well as the presence of other gases being a problem in other fields, causing the loss of entire production lines, as in the food industry, or even cause the loss of lives and explosions. In this section, the most important gases in terms of pollution monitoring and control, health issues, and accident prevention are listed with their main characteristics.Oxygen (O 2 ) is the most important gas for life, and is crucial in numerous fields. Patients under anesthesia, or recovering from surgery and from certain diseases need controlled O 2 doses to keep them alive and fully recovered. The decrease of oxygen levels in enclosed spaces can be related with other gases leakage, which would lead people inside these spaces to asphyxiate, leading to an unconscious state, or even to death [29]. Numerous industrial processes rely on the correct concentration of this gas to achieve the best results, mainly chemical and combustion, which without the correct percentages will not grant the best performance of systems. Engine control systems depend on the correct mixture to achieve the expected performances, whether it is lower fuel consumption or power and speed [29][30][31][32].Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a colorless, odorless gas, generated by the oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbon, as well as by living beings in the respiration process. It is a key gas for the greenhouse effect, and the increase of its levels, in the presence of other gases, is related with atmospheric pollution. It is also the key gas on the oxygen production by the photosynthesis process. The accumulation of this gas in enclosed spaces can be responsible to s...

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Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of Gas-sensing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Opticmentioning

confidence: 99%

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IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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“…Many of these setups are based on a spectroscopic absorption principle since atoms absorb light at specific wavelengths [9]. There are different techniques that are based on this principle and are used for gas monitoring and sensing such as: Tunable Diode-Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TLAS) [19][20][21], Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) [19,22,23], Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) [24], Fiber Laser Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy (FLICAS) [25,26], gas cell with coreless fiber optic [27,28], or measurement of the incident and transmitted intensity of light travelling through a medium [29,30]. Some of these techniques use laser diodes, lasers, or tunable lasers for their high output power, narrow wavelength, and high resolution, however the poor stability of these parameters and the narrow measurable bandwidth limit the applicability of devices based on these techniques since they are tuned to detect and measure only certain absorption peaks of the molecule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All Single-Mode-Fiber Supercontinuum Source Setup for Monitoring of Multiple Gases Applications

Martín-Vela

Gallegos-Arellano

Sierra-Hernández

et al. 2020

Sensors

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In this paper, a gas sensing system based on a conventional absorption technique using a single-mode-fiber supercontinuum source (SMF-SC) is presented. The SC source was implemented by channeling pulses from a microchip laser into a one kilometer long single-mode fiber (SMF), obtaining a flat high-spectrum with a bandwidth of up to 350 nm in the region from 1350 to 1700 nm, and high stability in power and wavelength. The supercontinuum radiation was used for simultaneously sensing water vapor and acetylene gas in the regions from 1350 to 1420 nm and 1510 to 1540 nm, respectively. The experimental results show that the absorption peaks of acetylene have a maximum depth of approximately 30 dB and contain about 60 strong lines in the R and P branches, demonstrating a high sensitivity of the sensing setup to acetylene. Finally, to verify the experimental results, the experimental spectra are compared to simulations obtained from the Hitran database. This shows that the implemented system can be used to develop sensors for applications in broadband absorption spectroscopy and as a low-cost absorption spectrophotometer of multiple gases.

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