Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

Kim, Jae‐Kyung; Seong, Junhwa; Yang, Younghwan; Moon, Sang-Ho; Badloe, Trevon; Rho, Junsuk

doi:10.1117/1.ap.4.2.024001

Cited by 175 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 175 publications

(341 reference statements)

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“…We believe that the proposed designing technique is highly efficient for the practical realization of CMOS-compatible multifunctional devices for touch-sensitive interactive displays and safety labeling applications. [48][49][50]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Spin‐Decoupling Strategy in Liquid Crystal‐Integrated Metasurfaces for Interactive Metadisplays

Naveed

Kim

Javed

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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104

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Symmetric spin–orbit interaction (SOI)‐based approaches apply a practical limit on helicity multiplexed metaoptics, i.e., center symmetric information encoding. Contrarily, asymmetric SOI's based on the combination of geometric and propagation phase‐delay approaches can effectively address such limitations for multifunctional multiplexed metaoptics on the cost of design complexities. In this paper, a simple asymmetric SOI‐based technique is realized for multifunctional metaoptics, employing only a single unit cell, breaking the conventional tradeoff between design complexity and efficient asymmetric transmission efficiency. The design approach depends on geometric phase alone, which eases the fabrication challenges and decreases the computational cost associated with previous asymmetric SOI‐based metaoptics. Furthermore, this study utilizes a new, low‐cost CMOS‐compatible material to optimize the proposed single unit cell for low loss and high transmission efficiency over the complete visible domain. On‐axis and off‐axis holographic metasurfaces are designed and integrated with pressure‐sensitive liquid crystal cells to demonstrate actively tunable metaholography with no limitation of center symmetric information encoding. The simple design technique, cost‐effective fabrication, and finger touch‐enabled holographic output switching make this integrated setup a potential candidate for many applications such as smart safety labeling, motion or touch recognition, and interactive displays for impact monitoring of precious artworks and products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Spin‐Decoupling Strategy in Liquid Crystal‐Integrated Metasurfaces for Interactive Metadisplays

Naveed

Kim

Javed

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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104

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“…Additionally, electrically operated nanophotonic devices can be easily extended to industrial uses. Several pioneering studies have already implemented active hologram displays [20,[104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112], varifocal metalens [39,[113][114][115][116][117], and LiDAR [18,38,118] as experimental applications, and are expected to be a great inspiration for smart windows, next-generation communication systems, and photonic ICs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically tunable metasurfaces: from direct to indirect mechanisms

et al. 2022

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Developments of nanofabrication process open a new window to control electromagnetic waves using subwavelength nanostructures array, named metasurfaces. Although the metasurfaces have succeeded in achieving unprecedented functionality by arranging various shapes of nanostructures to modulate the properties of the incident light, inherent passive characteristics make it impossible to alter the engraved functions after it is fabricated. To give tunability to metasurfaces, various methods have been proposed by using a thermal, chemical, optical and physical stimulus. In particular, electrically tunable metasurfaces are attractive in that they are easy to control precisely and could be integrated into electronic devices. In this review, we categorize the representative electrical tuning mechanisms and research into three; voltage-operated modulation, electrochemical-driven modulation, and externally mediated modulation. Voltage-operated modulation uses materials that could be directly reorganized by an electric field, including liquid crystals and Drude materials. Electrochemical-driven modulation adjusts the optical properties of metasurfaces through electrochemical responses such as electrochromism and electrodeposition. Lastly, externally mediated modulation causes a change in the geometric parameters of metasurfaces or in the phase of the constituent materials by converting electrical energy into thermal or mechanical stimulation. This paper concludes after explaining the pros and cons of each mechanism and the new possibilities that electrically-responsive metasurfaces could bring about.

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“…[19] However, as emerging on-chip elements, most previous studies of on-chip metasurface were restricted as passive with limited multiplexing capacity. On one hand, despite previous tuning schemes [20] by particular electrical [21,22] /optical [23,24] / mechanical [25,26] /thermal stimuli, [27,28] a practical tuning mechanism with commonly accessible scheme remains unveiled to realize large-area dynamics for on-chip metaoptics. On the other hand, regarding the further expansion of information multiplexing capacity, it is fundamentally limited by the multiplexing degree of freedom when a particularly polarized illumination is fixed in free-space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immersive Tuning the Guided Waves for Multifunctional On‐Chip Metaoptics

Yang

Wan

Shi

et al. 2022

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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With the great promise to reshape the landscape of photonic integrated circuits (PIC), the introduction of metasurface onto optical waveguide integration gives rise to tremendous potential functionalities via converting the guided waves to free‐space, including directional beam‐steering, mode‐conversion, optical on‐chip router, etc. Despite these endeavors, on‐chip metaoptics still faces critical challenges to achieve multifunctionalities with dynamic switchable ability between arbitrary‐encoding channels. Here, a series of novel on‐chip metaoptics functionalities are originally proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Through utilizing a serial optimization algorithm of computer‐generated hologram (CGH), a 3D hologram with multiple sliced information channels is successfully enabled to project above the on‐chip space. Moreover, by strategically exploring water immersive tuning scheme, on‐chip dynamic tuning in real‐time is realized for dual‐channel arbitrary‐encoded hologram, practically verified as a large‐scale easy‐accessible switch method. Eventually, the encoding freedom is further expanded by breaking the degeneracy of forward/backward guided propagations, beyond the state‐of‐art of multiplexing and information storage capacity. This study can easily find paths to numerous practical applications in the next generation of AR display, 3D vision, optical storage, and photonics integrated devices.

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Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

Cited by 175 publications

References 175 publications

Novel Spin‐Decoupling Strategy in Liquid Crystal‐Integrated Metasurfaces for Interactive Metadisplays

Novel Spin‐Decoupling Strategy in Liquid Crystal‐Integrated Metasurfaces for Interactive Metadisplays

Electrically tunable metasurfaces: from direct to indirect mechanisms

Immersive Tuning the Guided Waves for Multifunctional On‐Chip Metaoptics

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