“…However, the intermittent nature of solar and wind energies greatly hinder their further development (Wang et al, 2019c;Xiao et al, 2019;Yuan et al, 2019;Cheng et al, 2020;Ma J. Q. et al, 2020). Fortunately, electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices are regarded as a promising solution which could store electric energy obtained from renewable energies (Ding et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019b;Li Y. et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2019;Wang R. et al, 2020;. Among various EES devices, lithiumion batteries have been intensively investigated and used in many applications such as portable electronics, electrical vehicles, and smart grids due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and environmental benignity (Wang F. et al, 2018;Hao et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2019f;Wu et al, 2019;Zhao Q. et al, 2019;Gao G. J. et al, 2020;Song et al, 2020;Zou et al, 2020).…”