In this review, we show novel methods for utilizing plant biomass, polysaccharides, and lignin. Firstly, the simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and comminution (SESC) of plant materials is described as an extraction method for polysaccharides and lignin that does not require toxic reagents or organic solvents. Secondly, we demonstrate the utilization of saccharides and lignin extracted by SESC, such as for sugar and ethanol synthesis, and as antioxidant, spin trap reagent, heatproof filler, shape memory polymer, and UV protection film. Thirdly, a possibility of SESC in relative to previous utilization technique of plant biomass was presented. A. Introduction A-1. Recent Progress in Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Physicochemical Extraction To achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) and realize low-carbon society for sustainable social development, breaking away from petroleum-based material science is essential (1-17). As a natural and renewable alternative to petroleum-based resources such as polylactide (3), plant biomass has attracted attention with respect to generating energy and functional materials (2, 4-7). Lignocellulosic biomass is the main component of non-edible plant biomass, consisting of polysaccharides and lignin. Polysaccharides, including cellulose and hemicellulose, have been used as pulp (5), biofuel (7, 11, 12), and nanofibrous materials (13). Lignin, an aromatic polymer consisting of phenylpropane units, also has potential as a renewable alternative to synthetic aromatic polymers such as polyimide (14). Several studies examined the potential uses of lignin (15), e.g., in high-performance thermoplastics (8), phenolic resin (16), and composite film (17). In plants, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are chemically linked in a complex manner and are thus difficult to separate efficiently (18). The most reliable method for extracting these compounds requires strong chemicals such as acids, bases, and organic solvents under high temperature and pressure (19-21). These conditions for physicochemical extraction are considered necessary to disrupt the macroscopic cell wall structure and break the interactions between lignin and polysaccharides (22). However, the extraction products also cause deterioration and induce side reactions that prevent full utilization of the extracted compounds for biofuel and other secondary products. Such technologies for lignocellulosic processing remain to be successfully implemented on a commercial scale (23, 24). To overcome these challenges, much effort has been devoted to developing new approaches to extract lignocellulosic biomass, such as glycerol thermal processing (25-27), γ-valerolactone-based processes (20), and sulfite pretreatment to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) (28). A-2. Physical Comminution of Plants-A Candidate for Lignocellulosic Biomass Extraction via a Sustainable Process Physical comminution is an important step in preparing lignocellulosic biomass for producing useful chemicals (29-31). However, compar...