Tungsten Disulfide Decorated Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing of Glycated Hemoglobin

Abstract

Diabetes is a global menace, and its severity results in various disorders including cardiovascular, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Recently, diabetic conditions are diagnosed through the level of glycated hemoglobin. The level of glycated hemoglobin is determined with enzymatic methodology. Although the system is sensitive, it has various restrictions such as long processing times, expensive equipment required for testing, and complex steps involved in sample preparation. These limitations are a hindrance to faster results. The limitations of the developed methods can be eliminated through biosensors. In this work, an electrochemical platform was fabricated that facilitates the identification of glycated hemoglobin protein in diabetic patients. The working electrode on the integrated circuit was modified with molecularly imprinted polymer decorated with tungsten disulfide nanoparticles to enhance its analytical properties. The analytical properties of the biosensor were studied using electrochemical techniques. The obtained detection limit of the nanoelectronic sensor was 0.01 pM. The calculated sensitivity of the biosensor was observed to be 0.27 μA/pM. Also, the sensor promises to operate in a dynamic working concentration range and provide instant results.

Trends in Quantification of HbA1c Using Electrochemical and Point-of-Care Analyzers

“…Recently, tungsten disulfide nanoparticle (WS 2 NP)-enhanced MIP-based material was utilized for the HbA1c sensing in diabetic patients. The resultant biosensor showed a detection limit at 0.01 pM and the sensitivity was noted to be 0.27 µA/pM [ 86 ] ( Figure 9 ).…”

“… Schematic illustration of a WS 2 NP−fabricated nano-biosensor based on the FAO principle for the HbA1c sensor in diabetic patients. Copyright CC BY−NC−ND 4.0 [ 86 ]. …”

Modified Graphite Pencil Electrode Based on Graphene Oxide-Modified Fe3O4 for Ferrocene-Mediated Electrochemical Detection of Hemoglobin

“…19 Electrochemical techniques have also been used for the detection of Hb, and they have been praised for their low cost, specificity, fast response, and the prospect of integration in point-of-care diagnosis. For instance, Mahobiya et al modified a screen-printed electrode with a molecularly imprinted polymer 20 and decorated it with tungsten disulfide nanoparticles; by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the sensor reported to respond to glycated Hb (HbA1c) in the presence of a Fe(CN) 6 4− /Fe(CN) 6 3− redox couple as a mediator, with a detection limit of 0.01 pM and a sensitivity of 0.27 μA/pM. In another study, Thapa et al developed a dual carbon-printed electrode for simultaneous detection of glucose and HbA1c, 21 and a second electrode dedicated for HbA1c sensing was modified by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with 3mercaptopropionic acid as a linker of HbA1c antibodies.…”

“…For instance, Mahobiya et al . modified a screen-printed electrode with a molecularly imprinted polymer 20 and decorated it with tungsten disulfide nanoparticles; by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the sensor reported to respond to glycated Hb (HbA1c) in the presence of a Fe(CN) 6 4– /Fe(CN) 6 3– redox couple as a mediator, with a detection limit of 0.01 pM and a sensitivity of 0.27 μA/pM. In another study, Thapa et al.…”

Binding of Apo and Glycated Human Serum Albumins to an Albumin-Selective Aptamer-Bound Graphene Quantum Dot Complex

“…Severe diabetes can cause serious complications such as blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and cerebral infarction. − Monitoring fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a common measure for diabetes screening and diagnosis . Thus, many HbA1c-detecting strategies have been designed for effective HbA1c detection. − However, such methods are not suitable for pregnant women and patients with kidney and/or cardiovascular diseases. , Thus, new effective biomarkers for diabetes screening and monitoring are in urgent need. To date, glycated human serum albumin (GHSA) has been suggested as a new promising diabetes biomarker. − In diabetes patients, the GHSA level can be 2–3-fold higher than that of healthy people. , No fasting is required for GHSA measurement.…”