Tuning Blood–Material Interactions to Generate Versatile Hemostatic Powders and Gels

Abstract

Polymer‐based hemostatic materials/devices have been increasingly exploited for versatile clinical scenarios, while it is urgently demanded to reveal the rational design/facile approach for procoagulant surfaces through regulating blood‐material interactions. In this work, degradable powders (PLPS) and thermo‐responsive gels (F127‐PLPS) were readily developed as promising hemostatic materials for versatile clinical applications, through tuning blood‐material interactions with optimized grafting of cationic polylysine: the former was facilely prepared by conjugating polylysine onto porous starch particle, whilst F127‐PLPS was prepared by the simple mixture of PLPS and commercial thermo‐sensitive polymer. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that PLPS2 with the optimal‐/medium content of polylysine grafts achieved the superior hemostatic performance. The underlying procoagulant mechanism of PLPS2 surface was revealed as the selective fibrinogen adsorption among the competitive plasma‐protein‐adsorption process, which is the foundation of other blood‐material interactions. Moreover, in vitro results confirmed the achieved procoagulant surface of F127‐PLPS through optimal PLPS2 loading. Together with the tunable thermo‐responsiveness, F127‐PLPS exhibited outstanding hemostatic utilization in both femoral‐artery‐injury and renal‐artery‐embolization models. Our work thereby pioneers an appealing approach for generating versatile polymer‐based hemostatic materials/devices.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Thermoresponsive Gels with Embedded Starch Microspheres for Optimized Antibacterial and Hemostatic Properties

“…The liquid absorption and enzymolysis tests of MS/QMS microspheres were performed in DI water and α-amylase/glucoamylase aqueous solution, respectively. 9 The detailed procedures are provided in the Supporting Information.…”

“…The combination of the thermoresponsive F127 gel with hemostatic powder has been recently reported for both immobilizing flowable powder (against blood flow) and on-demand wound removal. 9 We are wondering whether the aforementioned limitations of QMS and QTA coating can be addressed by the optimal combination of F127 gel with QMS4, i.e., especially for the feasibility of employing F127 chains/gel surface to tune the cell−material/protein−material interactions for superior hemostatic/cytocompatible/antibacterial properties. Herein, varied contents of QMS4 microspheres were loaded in thermosensitive F127 gel (i.e., F127 solution in normal saline) to prepare a series of F-QMS4 gels (F-QMS4-20, F-QMS4-40, F-QMS4-60, and F-QMS4-80) and to screen the optimal gel with superior property.…”

“…9,38 In contrast, gauze has been reported to easily cause secondary bleeding. 5,9 Compared with the commonly used hydrogel-type hemostatic dressings with good tissue adhesion, 11,16 the F-QMS4-60 gel can work as procoagulant coatings with nonsticky/slightly sticky function for medical gauze, which is highly demanded by surgical operations that require both rapid hemostasis and easy/quick gauze removal (restoring the operation field). The F-QMS4-60 gel with common gauze compression would be of much higher safety than the widely used electrocautery with risks of tissue damage.…”

“…25,27−29 In addition, the universal positive effect of cationic surfaces on platelet adhesion has recently been questioned; despite that, the latter is crucial for platelet aggregation/activation and blood coagulation. 9,24 The inappropriate cationic surfaces would adsorb extensive albumin/ globulin (upon the competitive adsorption of plasma proteins) and fail to achieve sufficient fibrinogen (Fgn) adsorption that is a prerequisite for platelet adhesion. 9 Cationic hemostatic materials have also been developed with antibacterial and other functionalities, which achieved the combined properties but did not involve the rational optimization of cationic structure.…”

“…However, these commercial devices are also associated with the single function of hemostasis and a low hemostatic property. To better meet the clinical needs of versatile/specific scenarios, researchers have proposed promising hemostatic materials for rapid hemostasis and other functionalities (including the low adhesion to wounds for facile removal, − the high degradability/tissue compatibility to be partially/completely retained in wounds, − the physical sealing of damaged tissues for coagulopathic conditions, − and the outstanding coverage of irregular/penetrating wounds), − and the facile structure design and preparation method are still in demand. In addition, pathogenic microbial infection has recently become a major challenge to hemostatic materials without antibacterial function, which highly hampers the orderly healing process after hemostasis and transforms normal wounds to fatal nonhealing wounds/severe sepsis/septic shock. ,− A series of wound dressings have also been developed for treating infected wounds and/or promoting wound healing, but most of them lack the structure design/optimization of hemostatic function. ,− Hence, it is desirable to develop a facile approach for preparing hemostatic materials with integrated antibacterial property and other functionalities demanded for clinical scenarios.…”