Tuning Electron Transfer in Pyrene-Based Two Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: Unveiling the Impact of Semi-isomerism on Physicochemical Properties

Abstract

Constitutional isomerism of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has recently garnered attention for its potential applications in advanced photoelectrochemical fields. However, there have been no reports of materials in which half of the linkages between building blocks of the COFs are isomerized (so-called semi-isomerism) as a means of modulating the physicochemical properties of COFs. In this work, semi-isomeric pyrene-based COFs with the same topology were synthesized with imine linkages, namely, Py-Py and SI-Py COFs. Both COFs featured different imine orientations in half of the linkages. Tiny atomic-level dislocations of the imine linkages led to different electron orbital contributions and bandgaps (2.39 vs 2.44 eV for the Py-Py COFs and SI-Py COFs, respectively), resulting in distinct electron transfer and photoelectrochemical properties. In comparison with the Py-Py COFs, the SI-Py COFs with imine semi-isomeric linkages exhibited superior electrochromic performance over the optical modulation range (35% vs 24%), response time (0.29/2.1 s vs 0.72/3.8 s), and coloration efficiency (180 vs 144 C cm −2 ).

Reticular Ratchets for Directing Electrochemiluminescence

“…Benefiting from the tunability of COFs, we delicately designed 10 pairs of COF-based ratchets with mutually reversed orientations of polar CHN bonds between D–A units. We anticipated that the polarized CHN bonds could serve as ratchet teeth, which preferentially direct the electron transfer from the N-end units to the C-end units and impede the reversed electron migration during electron–hole combination (Figure a), in analogy to the recently reported “ICT Tesla Valve.” ,− Similar to the space charge in semiconductor heterojunctions, the CHN bond in COFs with reversed orientation could cause inverted band bending (Figures b and S2), where the C-end band bends upward, and the N-end band bends downward. − Consequently, the direction of CHN bonds not only affects the conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM) but also dictates the electron–hole combination and the resulting ECL performance (Figure c).…”