Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap

Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerber, Ch.; Weibel, E.

doi:10.1063/1.92999

Cited by 1,587 publications

(633 citation statements)

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“…This realspace technique was opposed to diffraction techniques that were dominating surface science at these times. In 1981, Binnig and Rohrer built the first working STM [20,21] with which one year later atomically resolved images of surfaces were recorded. Only four years later, they were awarded the Nobel prize.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetoelectric coupling at metal surfaces

et al. 2010

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Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetoelectric coupling at metal surfaces

et al. 2010

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“…By January 1979, however, they were sure enough of their ideas to submit a patent disclosure, although they did not confirm that the tunnel current depended exponentially on the tip-surface separation -the piece of physics at the heart of the STMuntil the night of 16 March 1981. After rejection by one prestigious physics journal, the paper reporting the invention of the STM, which was co-authored with Christoph Gerber and Edi Weibel, was accepted for publication by Applied Physics Letters on 4 November 1981 3 . Five years later the prodigious child of the STMthe atomic force microscope (AFM) -was invented by Binnig, Calvin Quate and Gerber 4 .…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of some landmark papers

2010

Nature Nanotech

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“…Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples 1 , magnetic and photonic probes image their magnetic and dielectric structure 2,3 while sharp tips probe mechanical properties like surface topography, friction or stiffness 4 . Most of these observables, however, are accessible only under limited circumstances.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale nuclear magnetic imaging with chemical contrast

et al. 2015

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Scanning probe microscopy is one of the most versatile windows into the nanoworld, providing imaging access to a variety of sample properties, depending on the probe employed.Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples 1 , magnetic and photonic probes image their magnetic and dielectric structure 2,3 while sharp tips probe mechanical properties like surface topography, friction or stiffness 4 . Most of these observables, however, are accessible only under limited circumstances. For instance, electronic properties are measurable only on conducting samples while atomic-resolution force microscopy requires careful preparation of samples in ultrahigh vacuum 5,6 or liquid environments 7 .Here we demonstrate a scanning probe imaging method that extends the range of accessible quantities to label-free imaging of chemical species operating on arbitrary samples -including insulating materials -under ambient conditions. Moreover, it provides three-dimensional depth information, thus revealing subsurface features. We achieve these results by recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a sample surface with a recently introduced scanning probe, a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We demonstrate NMR imaging with 10 nm resolution and achieve chemically specific contrast by separating fluorine from hydrogen rich regions.Our result opens the door to scanning probe imaging of the chemical composition and atomic structure of arbitrary samples. A method with these abilities will find widespread application in material science even on biological specimens down to the level of single macromolecules.The development of a scanning probe sensor able to image nuclear spins has been a long and outstanding goal of nanoscience, proposed shortly after the invention of scanning probe microscopy itself 8 . To date, this goal is most closely met by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), an extension of atomic-force-microscopy with sensitivity to spins, which has successfully imaged nanoscale distributions of nuclear spins in three dimensions 9 .However, its operation is experimentally challenging, requiring low (sub-Kelvin) temperature and long (weeks/image) acquisition times, which has so far precluded its adoption as a routine technique. To surmount these problems, single electron spins with optical readout capability have been proposed as an alternative local probe for spin distributions 10 . This complementary approach has become a realistic prospect since recent research has established the nitrogenvacancy center, a color defect in diamond 11 , as a candidate system for this scheme 12,13 . This center serves as an atomic-sized magnetic field sensor, which has proven sufficiently sensitive to detect the field of single nuclear spins in its diamond lattice environment [14][15][16] as well as ensembles of 10-10 4 spins in a nanometer-sized sample volume on the diamond surface [17][18][19] .Here we employ a single NV center as a scanning probe to image distributions of nuclear spins in an external sample. All our ...

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Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap

Cited by 1,587 publications

References 9 publications

Magnetoelectric coupling at metal surfaces

Magnetoelectric coupling at metal surfaces

A brief history of some landmark papers

Nanoscale nuclear magnetic imaging with chemical contrast

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