Tunnelling

Wood, Alan

doi:10.4324/9780203477663

Cited by 20 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The intimate connection between travertine and active tectonics is a basic concept in neotectonic and seismological studies, because the location of travertine deposits is a very useful tool for identifying active and potentially hazardous faults. In some cases, travertine masses can also reveal much about palaeoseismology (Sibson, 1987;Muir-Wood, 1993;Martinez-Diaz & Hernandez-Enrile, 2001;Piper et al, 2007;Nishikawa et al, 2012), because of their potential for accurate dating. Improved knowledge of the palaeo-seismic history of faults using the U-series dating technique provides valuable additional data with which to constrain and improve simulations of earthquake fault system dynamics (Uysal et al, 2007;Brogi et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Neotectonics and Geothermal Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoding tufa and travertine (fresh water carbonates) in the sedimentary record: The state of the art

2013

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Traditionally, fresh water carbonate research has focused on the sedimentology and palaeontology of ancient lacustrine deposits. Lithofacies in such low-energy deposits are typically fine-grained, developed uniformly in a generally concentric distribution ('bulls-eye' pattern) and are predictable even when preserved imperfectly. In contrast, because of their local lithofacies and palaeontological complexities, fluvial carbonates were either delegated to a status of 'minor geomorphological features' or barely considered prior to the 1970s. This viewpoint was based on the depositional record of fluvial and spring-fed fresh water carbonates, which were considered to be restricted generally to localized karstic areas. Such deposits are often preserved as scattered patches of ambient temperature tufa. Occasionally, however, in active tectonic areas, localized travertine deposits are also developed from deeply circulating hydrothermal waters. With a few exceptions (for example, basins with high subsidence rates or in arid climate zones), these fresh water carbonates are prone to erosion from continuing river incision and thus may not be preserved in the geological record. A partial record of fluvial and springdeposited carbonates is often preserved in Quaternary deposits, but the record in older deposits is typically fragmentary and often diagenetically modified. Yet once their unique facies architecture (and specialized nomenclature) is understood, these carbonates provide an important record of past sedimentological cycles of great value in palaeoenvironmental landscape modelling. The emphasis of modern research is to acquire information that explains how active systems function. In this respect, tufas reveal much of how carbonate precipitation is a shared product of physico-chemical and microbiological biomediation processes. Likewise, travertines not only show an intimate interrelation with active tectonism but also hold great potential as monitors of past volcanic carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, both tufas and travertines contain palynological records that can be used as proxy indicators of climate change. Perhaps no other field of sedimentology has witnessed more developments and applications over such a brief period of study.

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Section: Neotectonics and Geothermal Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoding tufa and travertine (fresh water carbonates) in the sedimentary record: The state of the art

2013

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“…In their seminal paper, Hancock et al (1999) put forward the idea that an important factor controlling travertine origin may be tectonic activity that provides conduits for deep-circulation waters along the fault zones. The phase of fault fracture opening is followed by increased migration of mineralized waters from greater depths towards the surface (see also Muir-Wood, 1993;Sibson, 1996). Enhanced fracture permeability of fault zones systematically decreases with time because open fractures are sealed by subsurface precipitation of minerals from ascending highly mineralized water (Curewitz & Karson, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake‐affected development of a travertine ridge

2013

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Although the relation between travertine and tectonics is commonly accepted, the influence of seismic activity on the internal structures and facies development of travertine has not been examined extensively. The aim of this paper was to unravel the impact of seismic shocks on the anatomy of a travertine mound. Dreveník travertine in the Central Western Carpathians of Slovakia was studied using detailed facies analysis, based on fieldwork coupled with microscope and stable isotope studies. The travertine formed a ridge fed by ascending water of deep circulation, charged with CO2 of geogenic origin. The location of the ridge over an impermeable Palaeogene flysch complex and the stable isotope composition of the travertine support the above interpretation. The ridge is composed of crystalline crust travertine, lithoclast travertine, fine‐grained lithoclast travertine, paper‐thin raft travertine and coated bubble travertine. The travertine underwent brittle deformations resulting in formation of fissures and intraclast breccia. Several lines of evidence prove that the deformations occurred during travertine deposition: (i) breccias are covered by undisturbed layers of travertine; (ii) ground fissures are filled with younger travertine; and (iii) calcite filling fissures and cementing breccia crystallized from water with the same isotopic composition as the travertine. The deformations resulted from seismic shocks which also triggered rockfall avalanches that led to the destruction of the upper part of the travertine slope and deposition of lithoclast travertine on its lower parts. Local hydrological conditions changed after the shocks, favouring ponding of water which, in turn, led to formation of paper‐thin raft travertine over lithoclast travertine. Thus, earthquakes exerted an important control on the development of the studied travertine mound. It is plausible that earthquakes have impacted other travertine mounds and influenced their facies development.

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