Turbulence and the diffusive layers around small organisms

Lazier, J. R.; Mann, K. H.

doi:10.1016/0198-0149(89)90068-x

Cited by 240 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In the ocean, mixing by turbulence becomes negligible at scales below the Kolmogorov scale (Lazier and Mann 1989), which is typically 1-30 mm (Mitchell et al 1985). Thus, at the spatial scales of the patches considered here, the erosive influence of molecular diffusion is the primary physical factor restricting the time frame of patch availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource Patch Formation and Exploitation throughout the Marine Microbial Food Web

Seymour¹,

Marcos²,

Stocker³

2009

The American Naturalist

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource Patch Formation and Exploitation throughout the Marine Microbial Food Web

Seymour¹,

Marcos²,

Stocker³

2009

The American Naturalist

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“…An increase in steady flow speed past a stationary object can decrease the diffusive sublayer thickness and enhance mass transfer (James and Lupton 1978), and can thus increase gypsum-dissolution rate. Equivalently, an increase in the speed of the object through water can decrease the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer, as has also been discussed in the context of sinking aggregates (Csanady 1986;Lazier and Mann 1989). Methods commonly used to calibrate gypsum-dissolution objects have subjected gypsum objects to a steady flow in flumes (Table 1, column B, fs-f, fs-o) or moved them at a steady rate through water (Table 1, column B, fs-r) which decreases the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Porter

Sanford

Suttles

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

105

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The dissolution of gypsum or plaster of Paris has been widely used as an inexpensive integral measure of 'water motion' in the field and in laboratory tanks for studies of physical-biological interactions. Commonly, gypsumdissolution rates have been calibrated to steady flow speed or velocity in the laboratory and the calibrations have been applied to dissolution (i.e., mass-transfer) rates in the field or in tanks. We evaluated the gypsum-dissolution technique in a steady-flow, a fluctuating-flow, and a mixed-flow environment by comparing dissolution rate to direct flow measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. We found that dissolution rates were related to steady flow and to fluctuation intensity in the exclusively steady-flow and fluctuating-flow environments, respectively. The relationships were weak in the mixed-flow environment. Finally, dissolution and thus mass-transfer relationships were different in each flow environment, and the effects of steady flow and fluctuation intensity were not additive. Providing that it is rigorously checked and appropriately calibrated, the dissolution technique can be used to measure steady flow speed or fluctuation intensity in a steady-flow or fluctuating-flow environment, respectively. However, comparisons of dissolution rates between steady-flow, fluctuating-flow, and mixed-flow environments or within environments that change over time to determine water motion will be misleading. The gypsum-dissolution technique can be used as a good direct indicator of mass-transfer rates. However, mass-transfer rates are different in different flow environments. The gypsum-dissolution technique is not a universal integrator of 'water motion. ' The dissolution of gypsum or gypsum-based plaster of Paris from ''plaster balls'' or ''clod cards'' was first introduced by Muus (1968) and Doty (1971) as an inexpensive technique to measure water flow in the absence of expensive field instrumentation for direct measurements of water velocity. Effects of temperature, salinity, and water volume on dissolution rates were subsequently investigated by Jokiel and Morrissey (1993) and Thompson and Glenn (1994). Since its first introduction, the gypsum-dissolution technique has been widely used in many habitats and for many applications, especially for studies of physical-biological interactions (Table 1). The gypsum-dissolution technique has been thought to provide a comparative or absolute measure of water movement that ''incorporates any water motion due to tidal as well as wind-wave effects in the same integrated measure' ' (Wildish and Kristmanson 1997). Furthermore, the dissolution technique has expanded to include materials other than gypsum (e.g., Koehl and Alberte 1988;Bartol et al. 1999). AcknowledgmentsWe thank W. Boicourt for letting us participate in the field ''Tower'' experiment and for providing the temperature and salinity data to calibrate the field-dissolution results. We thank K. Sebens, D. Stoecker, V. Kennedy, M. Palmer, and three anonymous reviewers for ...

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“…A thin boundary layer of fluid termed 'the phycosphere' surrounds algal cells (Bell and Mitchell, 1972). In the phycosphere, molecular gradients are governed by diffusion (Lazier and Mann, 1989) and altered by the activities of bacteria that accumulate through chemotaxis (Stocker and Seymour, 2012;Smriga et al, 2016) and reproduction. As the thickness of diffusive boundary layers scales with surface area (Karp-Boss et al, 1996), larger phytoplankton may harbor more bacteria than smaller phytoplankton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ubiquitous marine bacterium inhibits diatom cell division

Tol

Amin²,

Armbrust

2016

The ISME Journal

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Intricate relationships between microorganisms structure the exchange of molecules between taxa, driving their physiology and evolution. On a global scale, this molecular trade is an integral component of biogeochemical cycling. As important microorganisms in the world's oceans, diatoms and bacteria have a large impact on marine biogeochemistry. Here, we describe antagonistic effects of the globally distributed flavobacterium Croceibacter atlanticus on a phylogenetically diverse group of diatoms. We used the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to study the antagonistic impact in more detail. In co-culture, C. atlanticus attaches to T. pseudonana and inhibits cell division, inducing diatom cells to become larger and increase in chlorophyll a fluorescence. These changes could be explained by an absence of cytokinesis that causes individual T. pseudonana cells to elongate, accumulate more plastids and become polyploid. These morphological changes could benefit C. atlanticus by augmenting the colonizable surface area of the diatom, its photosynthetic capabilities and possibly its metabolic secretions.

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Turbulence and the diffusive layers around small organisms

Cited by 240 publications

References 10 publications

Resource Patch Formation and Exploitation throughout the Marine Microbial Food Web

Resource Patch Formation and Exploitation throughout the Marine Microbial Food Web

Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Ubiquitous marine bacterium inhibits diatom cell division

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