Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Graphene–Water Nanofluid Flowing Inside a Horizontal Circular Tube

Review on the recent progress in the preparation and stability of graphene-based nanofluids

“…Yarmand et al [147,161] increased the stability of nanofluids by introducing the hydroxyl and carboxyl function groups toward the GNP surface. With the same purpose, Mehrali et al [80] prepared NDG by a hydrothermal process with GO as a raw material [205] SPC + UV-Vis N/A Polymers P19 and P20 [206] ZPT N/A Changing pH [104] SPC + TC~ 7 days N/A [105] TC~ 150 days (5 months) N/A [117] SPC + UV-Vis~ 7 days N/A [118] SPC, UV-Vis, ZPT~ 60 days N/A [115] SPC N/A N/A [114] SPC, UV-Vis, ZPT~ 180 days (6 months) Triton X-100 [113] SPC N/A N/A [112] SPC 24 h N/A [3] SPC, UV-Vis, ZPT 600 h N/A [107] UV-Vis 1 week PVA [123] SPC 7 days N/A [122] ZPT + SPC N/A Modifying pH and tannic acid [121] SPC 2 months Modifying pH [124] SPC 4 days SDBS [129] SPC + UV-Vis 256 h N/A [131] ZPT, PSD, SPC~ 1 month Sodium carboxymethyl celluloses [132] DLS + TC > 2 months (0.005%), few days (> 0.005%)…”

Experimental investigation on the use of reduced graphene oxide and its hybrid complexes in improving closed conduit turbulent forced convective heat transfer

“…It is worthy to note that previous works on using carbon based material in convective heat transfer experiment adopted ionic surfactant, polymer or acid treatment approach to improve the solubility of the colloid [15,21,26,62,69]. Thus this recent advancement in preparation of highly soluble graphene based colloidal system has paved avenues to broaden the research platform into application based perspectives.…”

Heat Transfer Capability of (Ethylene Glycol + Water)-Based Nanofluids Containing Graphene Nanoplatelets: Design and Thermophysical Profile

“…In water- and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids, the surfactants predominating in the literature for non-covalent options are sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) [16, 20–22], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [23], and gum Arabic [14, 22], while the oxidation following the original version [24, 25] or modifications [26] of Hummers method are the most common with covalent functionalizations. The main downside of using non-covalent methods is that the addition of a surfactant considerably increases the viscosity of the nanofluid, leading to higher pressure drops in thermal equipment.…”