Turkish Scorzonera Species Extracts Attenuate Cytokine Secretion via Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Showing Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Vitro

Abstract

Scorzonera species are used in different folk medicines to combat many diseases, including the illnesses connected with inflammation. Previous experiments showed anti-inflammatory activity of Scorzonera extracts in vivo. S. latifolia, S. cana var. jacquiniana, S. tomentosa, S. mollis ssp. szowitsii, S. eriophora, S. incisa, S. cinerea, and S. parviflora extracts were, therefore, evaluated for their inhibitory activities of TNF-α and IL-1β production, and NF-κB nuclear translocation in THP-1 macrophages. The HPLC analysis was carried out to elucidate and to compare the composition of these extracts. Major compounds of the tested extracts have been isolated using different chromatographic techniques and further tested for their inhibitory activities on TNF-α and IL-1β production. Several extracts showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in these in vitro tests. Results of HPLC analysis revealed chlorogenic acid as a compound present in all tested extracts. Hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and rutin were also present in varying amount in some Scorzonera species analyzed. Furthermore, eight phenolics which were identified as quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (1), hyperoside (2), hydrangenol-8-O-glucoside (3), swertisin (4), 7-methylisoorientin (5), 4,5-O-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid (6), 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (7), and chlorogenic acid (8) have been isolated as major phenolic compounds of the tested extracts and, together with eight terpenoids (9-16) previously obtained from different Scorzonera species, have been tested for the inhibition of TNF-α production, unfortunately with no activity comparable with standard.

Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species

“…Species within the Scorzonera genus are a source of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides, phenolic acids and their derivatives, lignans, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, dihydroisocoumarins, bibenzyl derivatives, as well other compounds [ 4 , 10 , 14 , 27 , 35 , 36 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

“…It is spread mostly in central and southern parts of Europe, Eurasia, and Africa in arid areas [ 1 , 2 ]. Numerous species are endemic to Anatolia (Turkey) [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], Mongolia [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], and China [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] The genus comprises approximately 180–190 species [ 19 ], including S. hispanica, whose roots are a valued vegetable, with the taste similar to asparagus [ 20 ], and S. tau-saghyz (a species of interest in terms of obtaining natural rubber) [ 21 ]. Several Scorzonera species are a source of feed for farming animals in arid regions [ 15 ].…”

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Compounds of <i>Scorzonera latifolia</i> (Fisch. & Mey.) DC. Collected from Different Geographic Origins in Turkey

“…26 Aerial parts of the plant have been reported to contain phenolics which were identified as quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, hyperoside, hydrangenol-8-Oglucoside, swertisin, 7-methylisoorientin, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid and chlorogenic acid. 27 In the current study, three samples of S. latifolia Fisc. & Mey.…”

Preclinical Evaluation of Scorzonera sp. Root Extracts and Major Compounds Against Acute Hepatotoxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

“…According to the current study Scorzonera root extracts displayed hepatoprotective activities probably due to their chlorogenic acid contents. Derivatives of chlorogenic acid 3,4 and 3,5 dicaffeoylquinic acids were also reported to have protective activity in CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity [26] which have also been isolated from some Scorzonera species previously [11,12] .…”

“…Antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities have also been reported [6][7][8][9] . Phytochemical analyses revealed that S. latifolia roots contained taraxasteryl myristate, taraxasteryl acetate, motiol, 3-β-hydroxy fern-8 en-7-one acetate, urs-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl, 3-β-hydroxyfern-7-en-6-one-acetate, olean-12-en-11-one-3-acetyl, fern-7-en-3-β-one, leucodin, β-sitosterol [3,5,10] , chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid methyl ester, 1,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, methylester of 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, hydrangenol-8-O-β-glucoside, hydrangenol-4'-O-β-glucoside, scorzotomentosin-4'-O-β-glucoside and a new isocoumarine derivative [11] as well as scorzoveratrin 4'-O-β-glucoside, scorzoveratrin, scorzoveratrozit, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and caffeic acid [12] . Scorzotomentosin, scorzotomentosin-4'-O-β-glucoside, scorzophtalide, scorzoerzincanin, hydrangenol, hydrangenol-4'-O-β-glucoside, hydramacrophyllol A and B have been isolated from S. tomentosa roots previously [13] .…”