Turkish Version of the Revised and Short Indebtedness Scale (ISR-S): Translation, Validity, Measurement Invariance and Reliability Studies for Turkish University Students

Abstract

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to translate the Revised and Short version of the Indebtedness Scale (ISR-S) into the Turkish language and to assess its psychometric properties, and 2) to use this scale to explore the relationship of indebtedness with gratitude, happiness, and life satisfaction in Turkish culture. Four data sets covering a total of 883 Turkish university students were used. Construct validity of the Turkish ISR-S was assessed by using confirmatory factor and multigroup invariance analyses, and Pearson correlation test between the measure of negative affect and the ISR-S. To examine the reliability of the scale, Cronbach's coefficient alpha was used as an indicator of internal consistency, and also test-retest reliability computed over a period of four weeks. The results indicated that there is psychometric evidence for the unidimensional 9-item structure of the ISR-S in Turkish undergraduate students. Indebtedness was not found to be significantly correlated with gratitude, happiness and life satisfaction.

The reliability and validity test of the Revised Indebtedness Scale for Chinese university students

“…Research has shown that there is a positive correlation between indebtedness and various negative psychological factors, such as narcissism, materialism, envy, social anxiety, and guilt [14,15,16,17].…”

Borçluluk Hi̇ssi̇ Ve Bağlanma Sti̇lleri̇ Arasindaki̇ İli̇şki̇ni̇n Yapisal Eşi̇tli̇k Modellemesi̇yle İncelenmesi̇

“…For example, in the case of gratitude, the person responds with a feeling of gratitude (Emmons & McCullough, 2003) and this positive emotion is associated with many well-being indicators (Algoe & Haidt, 2009;Emmons & McCullough, 2003;Froh et al, 2009;McCullough et al, 2002;McCullough et al, 2004;Wood et al, 2009). In the sense of indebtedness, a person feels obliged to respond to a favor (Greenberg & Wescot, 1983); this is reported to be associated with many negative emotions and outputs (Fisher et al, 1982;Goei & Boster, 2005;Oğuz-Duran, 2020). Similarly, guilt is defined as a negative assessment of a certain behavior of a person, while shame is defined as a feeling in which the whole self is condemned.…”

“…In this context, the common point of feeling of indebtedness and gratitude is that both are seen as psychological reactions of individuals to a state of well-being done by others (Mathews & Green, 2010). In the first study investigating the feeling of indebtedness in Turkish culture (Oğuz-Duran, 2020), the feeling of indebtedness did not have a meaningful relationship with gratitude, happiness and life satisfaction, but a positive and significant relationship was found with negative emotions. Apart from this study, there is no research on the determinants of the feeling of indebtedness, the variables and its consequences.…”

“…Her birinin tanımları, belirleyicileri ve sonuçları birbirinden farklılık göstermektedir. Örneğin, minnettarlık durumunda, kişinin gördüğü bir yarar karşısında şükran duygusu ile karşılık verdiği (Emmons ve McCullough, 2003) ve bu olumlu duygunun pek çok iyi-oluş göstergesi ile ilişkisi olduğu bildirilirken (Algoe ve Haidt, 2009;Emmons ve McCullough, 2003;Froh vd., 2009;McCullough vd., 2002;McCullough vd., 2004;Wood vd., 2009), borçluluk hissinde kişinin bir iyilik karşısında bunun karşılığını vermeye kendini zorunlu hissettiği (Greenberg ve Wescot, 1983) ve bunun ise pek çok negatif duygu ve çıktı ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilmektedir (Fisher vd., 1982;Goei ve Boster, 2005;Oğuz-Duran, 2020). Benzer biçimde suçluluk duygusu kişinin belirli bir davranışına ilişkin olumsuz bir değerlendirmesi olarak tanımlanırken, utanç kişinin tüm benliğinin kınandığı, bu nedenle de suçluluktan daha fazla acı veren bir duygu olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Lewis, 1971;Tangney, 1990;Tangney vd., 2007).…”