“…He used nine alternative openness indicators and in the vast majority of cases he found a positive and significant correlation with total factor productivity. Similar findings are related to the positive correlation between imports and local R&D (Kumar and Saqib, ), the attraction of foreign R&D activities in LICs (Ca, ; Robson et al ., ; Bashir et al ., ), increased international trade (Shi and Pray, ), globalization and local knowledge (Lederman, ) and firms’ decisions to export (Abor et al ., ). Both imports and exports can give access to foreign goods and technologies, furthermore favouring foreign investment can potentially bring positive spillovers to local firms.…”