Twenty‐First‐Century Counseling Theory Development in Relation to Definitions of Free Will and Determinism

Wilks, Duffy

doi:10.1002/jcad.12194

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…Seminal research conducted by Benjamin Libet in the 1980s sparked and fueled more recent scientific skepticism about the conscious control of behavior and free will (Baumeister et al, 2011;Libet, 1985). Although there has been critique and backlash against Libet's studies and the interpretation of them (Nahmias et al, 2014;Wilks, 2018), since the 1980s, researchers in the behavioral and neurosciences have continued to challenge the notion of free will (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Gazzaniga, 2011;Wegner, 2002), and subsequently retribution (Koppel & Fondacaro, 2016). However, it is important to make clear that challenging the existence of free will does not equate to humans acting without strategy or rational thought.…”

Section: The Scientific Challenge To Free Will and Retribution's Distraction From Causal Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fight, flight, and free will: The effect of trauma informed psychoeducation on perceived culpability and punishment for juvenile and adult offenders

Katz

Fondacaro

2021

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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Section: The Scientific Challenge To Free Will and Retribution's Distraction From Causal Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fight, flight, and free will: The effect of trauma informed psychoeducation on perceived culpability and punishment for juvenile and adult offenders

Katz

Fondacaro

2021

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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“…Dogmatic adherence to either of these viewpoints carries the risk of engendering self-realizing outcomes. Hence, therapists must balance their understanding of empirical medical data by acknowledging the vast spectrum of human potentialities [ 16 17 ]. In November 2022, the generative artificial intelligence (AI) large language model (LLM) ChatGPT-3 was launched for free public use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Perspectives of Generative AI, Mental Health Experts, and the General Public on Schizophrenia Recovery: Case Vignette Study

Elyoseph,

Levkovich

2024

JMIR Ment Health

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Background The current paradigm in mental health care focuses on clinical recovery and symptom remission. This model’s efficacy is influenced by therapist trust in patient recovery potential and the depth of the therapeutic relationship. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness with severe symptoms where the possibility of recovery is a matter of debate. As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes integrated into the health care field, it is important to examine its ability to assess recovery potential in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the ability of large language models (LLMs) in comparison to mental health professionals to assess the prognosis of schizophrenia with and without professional treatment and the long-term positive and negative outcomes. Methods Vignettes were inputted into LLMs interfaces and assessed 10 times by 4 AI platforms: ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Google Bard, and Claude. A total of 80 evaluations were collected and benchmarked against existing norms to analyze what mental health professionals (general practitioners, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and mental health nurses) and the general public think about schizophrenia prognosis with and without professional treatment and the positive and negative long-term outcomes of schizophrenia interventions. Results For the prognosis of schizophrenia with professional treatment, ChatGPT-3.5 was notably pessimistic, whereas ChatGPT-4, Claude, and Bard aligned with professional views but differed from the general public. All LLMs believed untreated schizophrenia would remain static or worsen without professional treatment. For long-term outcomes, ChatGPT-4 and Claude predicted more negative outcomes than Bard and ChatGPT-3.5. For positive outcomes, ChatGPT-3.5 and Claude were more pessimistic than Bard and ChatGPT-4. Conclusions The finding that 3 out of the 4 LLMs aligned closely with the predictions of mental health professionals when considering the “with treatment” condition is a demonstration of the potential of this technology in providing professional clinical prognosis. The pessimistic assessment of ChatGPT-3.5 is a disturbing finding since it may reduce the motivation of patients to start or persist with treatment for schizophrenia. Overall, although LLMs hold promise in augmenting health care, their application necessitates rigorous validation and a harmonious blend with human expertise.

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Human Sexuality Is Not an Elective

McClain¹,

Salvadore²

2022

Handbook for Human Sexuality Counseling

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Twenty‐First‐Century Counseling Theory Development in Relation to Definitions of Free Will and Determinism

Cited by 5 publications

References 78 publications

Fight, flight, and free will: The effect of trauma informed psychoeducation on perceived culpability and punishment for juvenile and adult offenders

Fight, flight, and free will: The effect of trauma informed psychoeducation on perceived culpability and punishment for juvenile and adult offenders

Comparing the Perspectives of Generative AI, Mental Health Experts, and the General Public on Schizophrenia Recovery: Case Vignette Study

Human Sexuality Is Not an Elective

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