In this issue of the journal, we present a comprehensive overview on the state of the art concerning Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) [1]. Although quite a number of assessments including systematic reviews have been published on ART already, it was the intension of this article to describe the potentials and the limitations of ART for dentistry as such, i.e., an attempt to describe the role of ART in dentistry. The development of ART started in the eighties of the last century as a necessity to provide dental care in populations who were deprived of any dental treatment and whose alternative would have been and was so far: tooth extractions. Over the years, the ART method and the respective materials were further developed, and a large number of studies were published. Reports were available, e.g., on survival rates and on acceptance of this technique mainly in low-and medium-income countries, indicating that ART could indeed be regarded not only as an alternative to tooth extractions practiced so far but also as a way to improve dental health. These data have been the basis for respective WHO statements recommending this technique under these circumstances. But, not only was a new treatment method created, control criteria and hand instruments were also developed for this technique, which were designed to fit best these procedures. So far, so good. However, with increasing success of this method in the above-described deprived populations, the idea was born that this method could be used in these populations instead of introducing classical dental treatment, like the placement of amalgam filling. Indeed, some studies performed in lowand medium-income countries showed for one-surface cavities that ART revealed equally good results as classical restorations. Clear limitations were observed in larger than one-surface cavities.Then, apparently, the idea emerged that ART would also be interesting for developed countries. In these countries, there are special population groups, like (small) children, the handicapped, and anxious or elderly patients, who could potentially benefit from such a treatment method due to many reasons. However, now, the alternative was not anymore tooth extraction, but classical dental treatment with the highly developed canon of sophisticated materials and methods, which had been developed over the recent decades. ART was entering a new arena.Due to the minimally invasive character, it indeed was prima vista plausible to assume that ART could also find a place there. However, now, ART had to and will have to compete in outcome results derived from classical methods and materials of restorative dentistry and with hundreds of studies-though with different levels of quality-available concerning failure or survival rates. Furthermore, the question now is, is this still ART? Caries removal with an excavator is not new, and the author of this editorial was taught this many years ago in dental school as well as the possibility of not using engine-powered drills in certain clinical cases lik...