Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures

Gawronski, Bertram; Houwer, Jan De; Sherman, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s1

Cited by 70 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Contrary to our initial expectations, however, we found no evidence, in either study, that extended contact influenced participants' explicit attitudes. Previous research suggests that discordance between implicit and explicit measures is common ( Echabe, 2013 ; Gawronski et al., 2020 ). For example, some studies have found that explicit attitudes can be changed more easily than implicit attitudes ( Gawronski and Strack, 2004 ; Gregg et al., 2006 ; Petty et al., 2006 ), while others have found the opposite ( Barden et al., 2004 ; Dasgupta and Greenwald, 2001 ; Wittenbrink et al., 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of direct and extended contact on attitudes towards social robots

Gou

Webb

Prescott

2021

Heliyon

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The development of social robots has the potential to address significant societal concerns, however, most people have limited experience of such technology. The present research investigated whether techniques borrowed from the psychology of intergroup relations – namely direct and extended contact – affect people's attitudes towards robots. Participants were provided with either direct contact with a social robot or extended contact (these participants watched a video recorded by a friend who had met the robot) before their explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots were measured. Results indicated that direct contact affected both explicit and implicit attitudes, while extended contact affected implicit attitudes. The implication of these findings is that contact with a robot, direct or indirect, can change attitudes; much as previous research has shown that contact with a person who is a member of an out-group can change attitudes towards that group. We conclude that methods and theories from the study of human intergroup relationships can be usefully applied to understand attitudes toward social robots.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of direct and extended contact on attitudes towards social robots

Gou

Webb

Prescott

2021

Heliyon

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“…In this chapter we have provided a brief, even gentle, introduction to the vast literature on implicit social cognition. For those who wish to immerse themselves more deeply in this work, the recent special issue of Social Cognition marking 25 years of implicit social cognition research (Gawronski, De Houwer, & Sherman, 2020) may serve as a useful starting point. In any case, we do hope that interested readers will come away with explicit recollection of a few basic findings from this enormous and burgeoning field:…”

Section: Seven Takeaways To Remembermentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition: A brief (and gentle) introduction

Kurdi¹,

Mr²

2021

Preprint

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Over the past three decades, implicit social cognition research has flourished and has produced myriad novel insights into the automatic operation of social attitudes (evaluations) and stereotypes (beliefs). In this chapter, we provide an overview of what we regard to be significant and settled issues as well as the most pressing open questions that remain. Following a brief historical overview, we address (a) basic findings, such as mean levels of and demographic variation in implicit bias; (b) the relationship of implicit attitudes and stereotypes with other measures, including explicit attitudes and stereotypes and other forms of intergroup behavior; (c) the neural underpinnings of implicit bias; (d) questions of stability and change at different levels of analysis, including developmental stability, situational malleability, the prospect of long-term change within a single individual, and societal-level change; and (e) ongoing work and stimulating new developments, including aggregate-level analyses, the role of language, and questions about the representational format of implicit attitudes and stereotypes.

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“…Indeed, the plethora of indirect measures differ substantially along these dimensions. The only feature that they all share is that they infer evaluations from performance on some task rather than by directly asking respondents to provide them (e.g., Corneille and Hütter, 2020 ; Gawronski et al, 2020 ). That is, they are indirect measures of evaluation.…”

Section: Definitional Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Four Deadly Sins of Implicit Attitude Research

Sherman

Klein

2021

Front. Psychol.

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In this article, we describe four theoretical and methodological problems that have impeded implicit attitude research and the popular understanding of its findings. The problems all revolve around assumptions made about the relationships among measures (indirect vs. versus direct), constructs (implicit vs. explicit attitudes), cognitive processes (e.g., associative vs. propositional), and features of processing (automatic vs. controlled). These assumptions have confused our understandings of exactly what we are measuring, the processes that produce implicit evaluations, the meaning of differences in implicit evaluations across people and contexts, the meaning of changes in implicit evaluations in response to intervention, and how implicit evaluations predict behavior. We describe formal modeling as one means to address these problems, and provide illustrative examples. Clarifying these issues has important implications for our understanding of who has particular implicit evaluations and why, when those evaluations are likely to be particularly problematic, how we might best try to change them, and what interventions are best suited to minimize the effects of implicit evaluations on behavior.

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Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures

Cited by 70 publications

References 126 publications

The effect of direct and extended contact on attitudes towards social robots

The effect of direct and extended contact on attitudes towards social robots

Implicit social cognition: A brief (and gentle) introduction

The Four Deadly Sins of Implicit Attitude Research

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