Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?

Domingos, Iago José da Silva; Oliveira, Jaqueline Silva de; Rocha, Kamila Lorene Soares; Oliveira, Danilo Bretas de; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Costa, Galileu Barbosa; Trindade, Giliane de Souza

doi:10.3390/pathogens10040406

Cited by 10 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…It developed into well established Brazilian National Immunization Program providing protective vaccination not only against VARV but also against other preventable diseases like poliomyelitis, rubella, and rubella-syndrome, as well as diphtheria, tetanus, and neonatal tetanus. Nowadays, however, in the context of OPXV infections, new problems have emerged, and they are strongly connected with the misinformation regarding OPXV infections and the stigma associated with MPXV infection, as well as health care system funding [ 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Orthopoxvirus Zoonotic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?

et al. 2023

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The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections.

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Section: Orthopoxvirus Zoonotic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?

et al. 2023

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“…Posiblemente, el virus de la vaccinia bovina (VACV) es uno de los de mayor importancia. Se ha descrito y caracterizado activamente en Brasil desde 1999 (12) y en 2014 en Colombia (13) la emergencia de una enfermedad directamente relacionada al VACV, la viruela bovina, que causa enfermedad natural al ganado y es una enfermedad profesional humana. Los individuos en contacto con animales con infección aguda desarrollan por lo general lesiones cutáneas localizadas, pruriginosas en un comienzo, seguido de edema local y lesiones vesiculares.…”

Section: Otros Orthopoxvirus Relevantes Para La Salud Humanaunclassified

Viruela símica: zoonosis emergente con impacto global

Biscayart¹,

Ferrer²,

Otreras³

et al. 2022

ASEI

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El virus de la viruela símica es un orthopoxvirus de características zoonóticas endémico en las regiones de África Central y África Occidental, donde causa brotes desde 1970. En las últimas décadas se registró un aumento exponencial de casos, probablemente asociado a la disminución en la inmunidad conferida por la vacuna antivariólica, discontinuada luego de la erradicación de la viruela. En los últimos años se registraron casos esporádicos fuera del continente africano, siempre relacionados epidemiológicamente a la permanencia en áreas endémicas o contacto con animales infectados. Desde el 13 de mayo de 2022 se encuentra en curso el mayor brote de viruela símica registrado fuera de las áreas endémicas de África, con casos en los cinco continentes. La extensión, el impacto y la duración del brote permanecen aún inciertos.

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“…Zoonotic VACV infections have often been reported in Minas Gerais State, mostly as occupational infections 4,5,13–15 . Rural workers in dairy farms have been identified as the leading risk group as they have direct contact with dairy cows presenting vesicular lesions on their teats 4,5,13–15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low prevalence of anti‐Orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies in an urban population of Brazil

Oliveira

Costa

Dutra

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Since 1999, Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been described as a causative agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that occurs mainly in rural areas of Brazil. However, the circulation of VACV in urban environments and its associated burden has been poorly explored. Moreover, the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak has raised questions regarding the immune status of the worldwide population previous vaccinated against smallpox. Hence, we conducted a cross‐sectional study to better understand the prevalence of anti‐OPV neutralizing antibodies (NA) and related exposure factors in a susceptible urban population of Brazil. A total of 372 individuals were sampled, yielding an overall seroprevalence of 16.9% (CI95% = 13.4–21.1), and antibodies titers ranging from 100 to 800 neutralizing units/mL. The prevalence of NA among individuals potentially vaccinated against smallpox (≥36 years old [yo]) was 24.9% (IC 95% = 19.5–31.2), and among those unvaccinated (<36yo) was 6.7% (IC 95% = 3.7–11.8). Interestingly, contact with horses was pointed out as an exposure factor for the presence of NA, however, the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age ≥36yo and the presence of vaccine take were independently associated with the presence of anti‐OPV NA. Our findings suggest that vulnerable populations could be subclinically exposed to VACV in urban areas, drawing attention to alternative routes of zoonotic VACV exposure. Our data is also important for better strategies to mitigate zoonotic OPV infections mainly among vulnerable populations.

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Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?

Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight?

Viruela símica: zoonosis emergente con impacto global

Low prevalence of anti‐Orthopoxvirus neutralizing antibodies in an urban population of Brazil

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