“…However, given the unique strain path and complex material flow, the shear systems activated during ECAP and TCAP when applying the conventional ECAP routes are not identical. This was demonstrated by Kocich et al [49], by performing individual experiments in which they applied the known ECAP deformation routes, that is, route A (no rotation between passes), route Ba (±90 • rotation between passes), route Bc (+90 • rotation between passes, clockwise, and counter-clockwise), and route C (180 • rotation between passes), for both ECAP and TCAP. For example, processing of the sample via ECAP, route A, results in repetitive activation of identical shear systems.…”