“…More recently, Xu et al [11], Eren [12], Wu and Lee [13], Rudek [14], Kuo et al [15], Lee and Chung [16], Sun et al [17,18], Cheng et al [19], Li et al [20], Wang and Zhang [21], J. B. Wang and J. J. Wang [22], Lai et al [23], Liu and Feng [24], Wang and Zhang [21], Wu et al [25], Shiau et al [26], Lu [27], Qin et al [28], He [29], and Wang et al [30] considered flow shop scheduling problems with learning effects, but without release dates. Xu et al [11] considered the flow shop scheduling problems with position-dependent learning effect, i.e., if job J j is in position l of a schedule, the actual processing time p ijl of job J j on machine M i is p ijl = p ij a − bl and p ijl = p ij l α , where p ij denotes the normal processing time of job J j on M i and a > 0, b ≥ 0, and α ≤ 0 are the learning rates.…”