Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): an assessment

Schloegel, Lisa M.; Daszak, Peter; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Speare, Rick; Hill, Barry

doi:10.3354/dao02140

Cited by 121 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For example, lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), has been identified as the causative agent of lymphocystis disease in more than 100 different seawater and freshwater fish species [22,23]. In particular, diverse ranaviruses (genus Ranavirus) have been reported to infect about 70 amphibian species from at least 14 families, more than 100 fish species and dozens of reptiles; hence, some experts believe that ranaviruses infect not only frogs but also numerous different aquatic vertebrates, and are, therefore, promiscuous pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Iridoviruses and Their Genomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals

Zhang

Gui

2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

172

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Over the last 30 years, aquaculture has become the fastest growing form of agriculture production in the world, but its development has been hampered by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses. During the last decade, a large number of viruses from aquatic animals have been identified, and more than 100 viral genomes have been sequenced and genetically characterized. These advances are leading to better understanding about antiviral mechanisms and the types of interaction occurring between aquatic viruses and their hosts. Here, based on our research experience of more than 20 years, we review the wealth of genetic and genomic information from studies on a diverse range of aquatic viruses, including iridoviruses, herpesviruses, reoviruses, and rhabdoviruses, and outline some major advances in our understanding of virus-host interactions in animals used in aquaculture.

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Section: Iridoviruses and Their Genomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals

Zhang

Gui

2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

172

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“…The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is the international body that can regulate this, but even though its remit includes wildlife conservation it has a poor track record in doing so. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been listed by the OIE but enforcement of chytridiomycosis control in the amphibian trade has not been implemented by OIE member states [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycoses in nature

Garner

Schmidt²,

Martel

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

134

156

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Amphibians across the planet face the threat of population decline and extirpation caused by the disease chytridiomycosis. Despite consensus that the fungal pathogens responsible for the disease are conservation issues, strategies to mitigate their impacts in the natural world are, at best, nascent. Reducing risk associated with the movement of amphibians, non-amphibian vectors and other sources of infection remains the first line of defence and a primary objective when mitigating the threat of disease in wildlife. Amphibian-associated chytridiomycete fungi and chytridiomycosis are already widespread, though, and we therefore focus on discussing options for mitigating the threats once disease emergence has occurred in wild amphibian populations. All strategies have shortcomings that need to be overcome before implementation, including stronger efforts towards understanding and addressing ethical and legal considerations. Even if these issues can be dealt with, all currently available approaches, or those under discussion, are unlikely to yield the desired conservation outcome of disease mitigation. The decision process for establishing mitigation strategies requires integrated thinking that assesses disease mitigation options critically and embeds them within more comprehensive strategies for the conservation of amphibian populations, communities and ecosystems. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.

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“…Ranaviral disease is listed as notifiable by the OIE (Schloegel et al 2010) and causes mass mortality events overseas, however, despite also being listed nationally as reportable, ranavirus species in Australia have not been associated with disease outbreaks in wild frogs. Clinical signs of ranaviral disease may include reddening of skin, dermal ulcers, ascites, and haemorrhage.…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Using site-occupancy models to prepare for the spread of chytridiomyosis and identify factors affecting detectability of a cryptic susceptible species, the Tasmanian tree frog

2015

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Context The global reduction of amphibian biodiversity as a result of the disease chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd) has highlighted the need to accurately detect local population declines in association with Bd presence. Although Bd has spread globally, some remote regions such as the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (1.40 million ha; TWWHA) in Australia, remain largely, but not entirely, disease free. The Tasmanian tree frog (Litoria burrowsae) resides primarily within TWWHA boundaries, and is believed to be susceptible to chytridiomycosis. Aims In the absence of historical abundance data, we used a single-season multi-state site-occupancy model to investigate the impact of Bd on L. burrowsae populations, on factors affecting species detection and to inform ongoing surveillance and conservation. Methods We recorded frog detection and ranked call intensity (estimation of population size) from repeated independent surveys within a season to estimate the role of covariates, such as presence of Bd and environmental variables, on species occupancy and detection probability. Key results Modelling revealed large frog populations are more likely to be present at naturally formed than human-formed ponds, strong winds negatively affect detection of populations, and time after sunset affects detection of large populations. Large frog populations were more likely to be Bd-negative; however, models including Bd presence were not well supported, in part a result of the small number of Bd-positive sites recorded. Conclusions and Implications The utility of site-occupancy modelling in understanding the impact of disease on populations is little known, but has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of many conservation programs.

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Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, are now globally notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE): an assessment

Cited by 121 publications

References 38 publications

Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals

Virus genomes and virus-host interactions in aquaculture animals

Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycoses in nature

Using site-occupancy models to prepare for the spread of chytridiomyosis and identify factors affecting detectability of a cryptic susceptible species, the Tasmanian tree frog

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