“…4 Although the findings are mixed, the main consensus in this literature is that local 1 Early examples include Card (1990), Hunt (1992), and Carrington and de Lima (1996). 2 The main papers in this literature include Del Carpio and Wagner (2015), Tumen (2016), Balkan and Tumen (2016), Ceritoglu, Gurcihan Yunculer, Torun, and Tumen (2017), Akgunduz, Hassink, and Van den Berg (2018), Akgunduz and Torun (2018), Assaad, Ginn, and Saleh (2018), Balkan, Ozcan-Tok, Torun, and Tumen (2018), Malaeb and Wahba (2018), Alhawarin, Assaad, and Elsayed (2018), Altindag, Bakis, and Rozo (2018), Fallah, Krafft, and Wahba (2019), Ajzenman, Aksoy, and Guriev (2020), and Tumen (2019b). Policy implications are discussed in more detail by Zimmermann (2016), Hatton (2017), and Aksoy and Poutvaara (2019).…”