Two- and three-dimensional computer graphic evaluation of the subacute spinal cord injury

Moriarty, Loren J.; Duerstock, Bradley S.; Bajaj, Chandrajit L.; Lin, Kwun-Nan; Borgens, Richard B.

doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(97)00203-7

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The first observations of giant macrophages were made during studies of macrophage accumulations within subacute (ca. 3 weeks postinjury) spinal cord compression injuries (Moriarty et al 1998). The infrequent presence of ED 1-positive giant macrophages approximately 3-6 times the diameters of typical phagocytes (~12-15 µm diameter) was also noted in spinal cord lesions in a subsequent study at 3-and 5-day-postinjury sample periods (Leskovar et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These lesions were evaluated in the same rats possessing spinal injuries, at the same time periods postinjury, using the same labels and morphometric techniques (Leskovar et al 2000; see also Moriarty et al 1998). Attempting to confirm multinuclearity in tissue samples obtained in situ at the EM level is also fraught with difficulty -not the least is the problem that these giant cells are uncommon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following previously described, standardized spinal injury technique (Leskovar et al 2000;Moriarty et al 1998), the animals were killed at 3 days (three rats) and 5 days (four rats) postinjury by an overdose of barbiturate followed by intracardiac perfusion/fixation with 3% glutaraldehyde using previously described techniques (Leskovar et al 2000;Moriarty et al 1998). All animal procedures were carried out under protocols approved by Purdue University Animal Care and Use Committee and in compliance with all Federal, State, and University Guidelines.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular we have been interested in the timing and density of macrophage accumulations in the injured mammalian spinal cord, the particular cytokines that they produce in situ, and the differences in these data compared with peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries in the same animal (Leskovar et al 2000;Moriarty et al 1998). During these series of experiments, very large, indeed giant, macrophages within acute spinal cord lesions were noted (Leskovar et al 2000;Moriarty et al 1998). These cells appeared postinjury, only in lesions to the spinal cord, but were otherwise typical in their appearance and labeled with the macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody ED 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Giant multinucleated macrophages occur in acute spinal cord injury

Leskovar

Turek

Borgens

2001

Cell and Tissue Research

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Using a cell-isolation and -culture procedure specific for macrophages, we report the existence of giant (more than 50 microm diameter), multinucleated macrophages within an acute, 5-day-old adult rat spinal cord injury. The size and multinuclearity of these isolated giant cells was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. Giant macrophages are markers for long-term infection, disease, and chronic injury in other soft tissues and are unexpected in the acute inflammatory stage of central nervous system injury. To our knowledge, this descriptive report is the first confirming the existence of giant macrophages in any injured nervous tissue, with additional data suggesting some of these cells to be multinucleated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Giant multinucleated macrophages occur in acute spinal cord injury

Leskovar

Turek

Borgens

2001

Cell and Tissue Research

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“…When evaluating a complicated structure, like a damaged spinal cord, 3D reconstruction permits a more comprehensive and detailed view of the lesion than by evaluating a sample of histological sections from the epicenter of the injury site (Balentine, 1978;Moriarty et al, 1998). The isocontouring software we use allows us to reconstruct three-dimensional surfaces around features of interest, which can be measured for volume and surface area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double labeling serial sections to enhance three-dimensional imaging of injured spinal cord

Duerstock¹

2004

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Rapid recovery from spinal cord injury after subcutaneously administered polyethylene glycol

Borgens

Bohnert

2001

J of Neuroscience Research

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Arguably a seminal event in most trauma and disease is the breakdown of the cell membrane. In most cells, this is first observed as a collapse of the axolemmas barrier properties allowing a derangement of ions to occur, leading to a progressive dissolution of the cell or its process. We have shown that an artificial sealing of mechanically damaged membranes by topical application of hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) immediately restores variable levels of nerve impulse conduction through the lesion. This was documented by a rapid recovery of somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) conduction, and by recovery of the cutaneous trunchi muscle (CTM) reflex in PEG-treated animals. The CTM reflex is a sensorimotor behavior dependent on an intact (and identified) white matter tract within the ventrolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, and is thus an excellent index of white matter integrity. We show that PEG can be safely introduced into the bloodstream by several routes of administration. Using a fluorescein decorated PEG, we demonstrate that the polymer specifically targets the hemorrhagic contusion of the adult guinea pig spinal cord when administered through the vasculature, but not intact regions of the spinal cord. A single subcutaneous injection (30% weight by weight in sterile saline) made 6 hr after a standardized spinal cord contusion in adult guinea pigs was sufficient to produce a rapid recovery of SSEP propagation through the lesion in only PEG-treated animals, accompanied by a statistically significant recovery of the CTM reflex. These data suggest that parenterally administered PEG may be a novel treatment for not only spinal injury, but head injury and stroke as well.

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Two- and three-dimensional computer graphic evaluation of the subacute spinal cord injury

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Giant multinucleated macrophages occur in acute spinal cord injury

Giant multinucleated macrophages occur in acute spinal cord injury

Double labeling serial sections to enhance three-dimensional imaging of injured spinal cord

Rapid recovery from spinal cord injury after subcutaneously administered polyethylene glycol

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