Two Bouts of Exercise before Meals, but Not after Meals, Lower Fasting Blood Glucose

Borer, Katarina T.; Wuorinen, Elizabeth C.; Lukos, Jamie R.; Denver, John W.; Porges, Stephen W.; Burant, Charles F.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31819dfe14

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, vigorous intensity is not always feasible at meal times; it often requires specialized equipment, is not desirable for all people, is precluded in the presence of some chronic conditions, and is initially inappropriate for inactive people [20]. Longer duration activity may also have been advantageous as studies of activity lasting for 2 h post-meal show improved glucose control [8]. Yet, for most people, 2 h of Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2001, some studies [8,12,23,33,34,36,41,43] have highlighted the potential importance of activity-meal timing in relation to blood glucose control (reviewed in [39]). However, the number of studies is sparse and the sample sizes are small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have no control [41] or pre-meal activity group [36], and some are retrospective diet and exercise log analyses [34,41]. Other studies have used either long duration (2 h) [8] or vigorous [23,41,43] activities that are effective in reducing postprandial glucose but not always feasible in the real-world. Consequently, outcomes from these studies are equivocal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immediate post-breakfast physical activity improves interstitial postprandial glycemia: a comparison of different activity-meal timings

Solomon

Tarry

Hudson

et al. 2019

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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The optimal timing between meal ingestion and simple physical activity for improving blood glucose control is unknown. This study compared the effects of physical activity on postprandial interstitial glucose responses when the activity was conducted either immediately before, immediately after, or 30 min after breakfast. Forty-eight adults were randomized to three separate physical activity interventions: standing still (for 30 min), walking (for 30 min), and bodyweight exercises (3 sets of 10 squats, 10 push-ups, 10 lunges, 10 sit-ups). In each intervention, 16 participants completed four trials (A to D) during which a 500 kcal mixed nutrient liquid breakfast meal was consumed. Interstitial glucose responses were recorded using continuous glucose monitoring for 2 h after the meal. The activity was completed either after the glucose monitoring period (trial A; control) or immediately before (trial B), immediately after (trial C), or 30 min after (trial D) the breakfast. Mean, coefficient of variance (CV), and area under the curve (AUC) for glucose were calculated and compared between the four trials. Walking and bodyweight exercises immediately after the meal improved mean, CV, and AUC glucose (P ≤ 0.05 vs. control), while standing immediately after the meal only improved AUC glucose (P ≤ 0.05 vs. control) and nearly improved mean glucose (P = 0.06). Mean, CV, and AUC glucose were not affected by standing, walking, or bodyweight exercise conducted immediately before, or 30 min after the meal (all P > 0.05 vs. control). Energy intake (diet records) and energy expenditure (Actigraph) were consistent throughout the studies and did not influence the findings. Low-to moderate-intensity activity should be implemented soon after eating to improve glucose control following breakfast. The type of activity appears less important than the timing. These findings will help optimize exercise-meal timing in general health guidelines. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03730727Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Comm ons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immediate post-breakfast physical activity improves interstitial postprandial glycemia: a comparison of different activity-meal timings

Solomon

Tarry

Hudson

et al. 2019

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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“…A similar exercise protocol in healthy, obese individuals demonstrated that 1-h of exercise (50% VO 2 max) increased plasma catecholamine concentrations and markers of lipid oxidation well into the recovery period (26). Furthermore, Borer et al (27) noted a 20% increase in glucose concentrations when glucose-tolerant, obese females performed 2-h of low-intensity walking (40–45% VO 2max ) an hour after a high-carbohydrate meal. Considering the lack of research examining the interaction between meal consumption and exercise on insulin secretion, substrate metabolism, and glucose excursions in obese individuals, we can only postulate that the meals used in the current study may have exacerbated the glucose excursions observed in the EX condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple short bouts of exercise over 12-h period reduce glucose excursions more than an energy-matched single bout of exercise

et al. 2014

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Objective Long, uninterrupted bouts of sedentary behavior are thought to negatively influence postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. We examined the effects of a 1-h bout of morning exercise versus intermittent walking bouts of short duration on glucose excursions and insulin secretion over 12-h. Materials/Methods Eleven young, obese individuals (18–35y, BMI>30kg/m2) with impaired glucose tolerance were studied on three 12-h study days: 1) sedentary behavior (SED); 2) sedentary behavior with 1-h morning exercise (EX) at 60–65% VO2peak; and 3) sedentary behavior with 12-hourly, 5-min intervals of exercise (INT) at 60–65% VO2peak. Meals (1046 kJ/meal) were provided every 2-h. Blood samples were collected every 10 min and measured for glucose, insulin, and c-peptide concentrations. Results Glucose iAUC (12-h) was attenuated in the INT and SED conditions compared to the EX condition (P<0.05). Glucose concentrations were higher in the EX compared to the SED condition for ~150 min (20% of the study day), and comparison of the EX-INT study days revealed that glucose concentrations were greater for ~ 240 minutes (~1/3 of the 12-h day). In the SED condition, the 12-h insulin iAUC was ~15% higher (P<0.05) compared to the INT and EX conditions. Insulin production rate was found to increase ~20% with INT exercise vs. the SED and EX condition (P<0.05). Conclusions Short, frequent periods of exercise attenuated glucose excursions and insulin concentrations in obese individuals to a greater degree than an equal amount of exercise performed continuously in the morning.

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“…In response to the mental challenge in both conditions, elevations in HR, RPP, and CORT occurred, but when a mental stress was followed by a lowintensity exercise bout, an elevation of CORT was further demonstrated. Exercise of this low intensity is alone known not to be sufficient to stimulate cortisol release (Borer et al 2009;Davies and Few 1973;Hill et al 2008;Maresh et al 2006) and thus represents new findings regarding effects of mental stress on physical stress responses. Neither the mental challenge nor the exercise affected circulating catecholamines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Reactivity to Repeated Low-Level Challenges: A Pilot Study

Webb

Fabianke-Kadue

Kamimori

et al. 2011

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a mental challenge on cardiovascular and endocrine [epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and cortisol (CORT)] responses to subsequent low-intensity physical exertion. Twelve males (23.25±0.45 years) completed three sessions, including a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer and two counter-balanced mental stress trials. In the mental challenge-control condition (MC), participants sat quietly for 20 min following a 20 min mental challenge whereas in the mental challenge-exercise condition (MEC) subjects cycled at 35% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) following the mental challenge. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to assess state anxiety (SAI), cardiovascular variables, EPI, NE, and CORT levels across time between conditions. Participants reported significantly greater increases in SAI scores immediately after the mental challenge, which then decreased post-challenge in both conditions. Neither EPI or NE demonstrated an alteration in levels in either condition, but CORT significantly increased after the mental challenge in both conditions and then maintained a significantly greater level during the MEC compared to the MC condition from midexercise through 15 min of recovery. Area-under-the-curve calculations for CORT was significantly greater in the MEC compared to the MC. Results suggest that the initial mental challenge may have acted to enhance the overall adrenal response to the subsequent anticipation of and actual participation in the low-level physical challenge.

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Two Bouts of Exercise before Meals, but Not after Meals, Lower Fasting Blood Glucose

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Immediate post-breakfast physical activity improves interstitial postprandial glycemia: a comparison of different activity-meal timings

Immediate post-breakfast physical activity improves interstitial postprandial glycemia: a comparison of different activity-meal timings

Multiple short bouts of exercise over 12-h period reduce glucose excursions more than an energy-matched single bout of exercise

Stress Reactivity to Repeated Low-Level Challenges: A Pilot Study

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