Non-degenerate 2-photon excitation (ND-2PE) of a fluorophore with two laser beams of different photon energies offers an independent degree of freedom in tuning of the photon flux for each beam. This feature takes advantage of the infrared wavelengths used in degenerate 3-photon excitation (D-3PE) microscopy to achieve increased penetration depths, while preserving a relatively high 2-photon excitation cross section in comparison to that of D-3PE. Here, using spatially and temporally aligned Ti:Sapphire laser and optical parametric oscillator beams operating at near infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) optical frequencies, we employ ND-2PE and provide a practical demonstration that a constant fluorophore emission intensity is achievable deeper into a scattering medium using ND-2PE as compared to the commonly used degenerate 2-photon excitation (D-2PE).
References and links1. K. Svoboda and R. Yasuda, "Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience," Neuron 50(6), 823-839 (2006). 2. J. N. Kerr and W. Denk, "Imaging in vivo: watching the brain in action," Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9(3), 195-205 (2008). 3. W. Denk and K. Svoboda, "Photon upmanship: why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick," Neuron 18(3), 351-357 (1997). 4. F. Helmchen and W. Denk, "Deep tissue two-photon microscopy," Nat. Methods 2(12), 932-940 (2005 11. D. Kobat, N. G. Horton, and C. Xu, "In vivo two-photon microscopy to 1.6-mm depth in mouse cortex," J. Biomed. Opt. 16(10), 106014 (2011). 12. R. Kawakami, K. Sawada, A. Sato, T. Hibi, Y. Kozawa, S. Sato, H. Yokoyama, and T. Nemoto, "Visualizing hippocampal neurons with in vivo two-photon microscopy using a 1030 nm picosecond pulse laser," Sci. Rep. 3, 1014 (2013). 13. P. Theer and W. Denk, "On the fundamental imaging-depth limit in two-photon microscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am.A adaptive optical recovery of optimal resolution over large volumes," Nat. Methods 11(6), 625-628 (2014).