Two Concepts of Basic Equality

Kirby, Nikolas

doi:10.1007/s11158-017-9354-5

Cited by 24 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…George W. Bush's 2001 “with us or against us” ultimatum illustrates how these can overlap: A country joining after that speech is fulfilling a moral obligation, while a nation immediately supporting the United States after 9/11 demonstrates altruistic reciprocity. Finally, we follow Kirby's (2017) concept of equality in authority, meaning that no friend falls under the natural authority of another.…”

Section: Interpreting the Erdoğan‐obama Friendshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentimental Utility Theory: Interpreting the Utilization of Collective Emotions by the Political Elite Through the Erdoğan‐Obama Friendship

Hoef

O’Connor

2019

Political Psychology

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s 2009 visit to Turkey resulted in an Obama-Mania in Turkish media, followed by a friendship between Obama and Recep Erdoğan, which was widely reported in the media and emphasized in their rhetoric. This article explains the existence of the Erdoğan-Obama friendship narrative, in spite of no actual political friendship existing. We first interpret their relationship through five key components of political friendship (affect, grand project, altruistic reciprocity, moral obligations, equality) and argue that, despite a strong friendship narrative, their histories, leadership styles, and political goals diverged to such an extent that a friendship never existed. We then introduce sentimental utility theory (SUT) to explain the utility of maintaining the appearance of a friendship. Through SUT, this article illuminates the utility of collective emotions and offers insight into how collective emotions produce ingroup identities and generate stability for a state's population. SUT reveals how Erdoğan utilized the Obama-mania in Turkey to create a personal bond with Obama which linked himself, and his policies, to Obama and his progressive policies. Future research can deploy SUT to make sense of other claims of friendship and special relationships between states and between state leaders.

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Section: Interpreting the Erdoğan‐obama Friendshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentimental Utility Theory: Interpreting the Utilization of Collective Emotions by the Political Elite Through the Erdoğan‐Obama Friendship

Hoef

O’Connor

2019

Political Psychology

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“…Apart from affect, several key elements of friendship come to the fore in the analysis above. These include equality, which, according to Kirby (2017), means no individual is under the natural authority of another. There also exists something very different from a partnership's quid pro qui reciprocity: an altruistic reciprocity.…”

Section: Conceptualising Friendshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations

Hoef

Oelsner

2018

PaG

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In recent years, the study of friendship has gained traction in political science. The aim of this article is threefold: (1) to offer an overview of the status of friendship studies and how it relates to the emotional turn in international relations, (2) to present a wide variety of different approaches to studying friendship, and (3) to highlight the contribution that a friendship perspective can make to other fields, such as Peace and Conflict Studies. From Aristotle and Plato onwards, we trace the development of the concept of friendship, and present several theoretical conceptualisations and methodological approaches that can be readily applied when making sense of friendship, both on a personal level between elite actors, and on the international level between states. We end by drawing attention to the merit of the study of friendship specifically for the field of Peace and Conflict Studies, where it helps to address the lacuna of research on positive peace.

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Positive Peace Through Personal Friendship: Franco-German Reconciliation (1974–1995)

Hoef

2021

The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Peace

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Two Concepts of Basic Equality

Cited by 24 publications

References 54 publications

Sentimental Utility Theory: Interpreting the Utilization of Collective Emotions by the Political Elite Through the Erdoğan‐Obama Friendship

Sentimental Utility Theory: Interpreting the Utilization of Collective Emotions by the Political Elite Through the Erdoğan‐Obama Friendship

Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations

Positive Peace Through Personal Friendship: Franco-German Reconciliation (1974–1995)

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