Two debatable cases for the reconstruction of the solar activity around the Maunder Minimum: Malapert and Derham

Carrasco, V. M. S.; Vaquero, J. M.; Gallego, M. C.; Álvarez, Joaquín Villalba; Hayakawa, Hisashi

doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz027

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Recently, Carrasco et al (2019) demonstrated that Charles Malapert sometimes recorded several sunspot groups as only one representative group. As a continuation to that work, we here analyse the sunspot observations made by Malapert during the first quarter of the 17th century (Malapert, 1620(Malapert, , 1633Scheiner, 1630).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunspot observations by Charles Malapert during the period 1618–1626: a key data set to understand solar activity before the Maunder minimum

Carrasco

Gallego

Álvarez

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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A revision is presented of the sunspot observations made by Charles Malapert from 1618 to 1626, studying several documentary sources that include those observations. The revised accounting of the group numbers recorded by Malapert for that period shows new information unavailable in the current sunspot group data base. The average solar activity level calculated from these revised records of Malapert is by almost one-third greater than that calculated from his records included in the current group data base. Comparison of the sunspot observations made by Malapert and by other astronomers of that time with regard to the number of recorded groups and sunspot positions on the solar disc shows good agreement. Malapert reported that he only recorded one sunspot group in each sunspot drawing presented in Austriaca Sidera Heliocyclia (the documentary source that includes most of the sunspot records made by Malapert), although he sometimes observed several groups. Therefore, the sunspot counts obtained in this work on Malapert's sunspot observations represent the lower limit of the solar activity level corresponding to those records.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunspot observations by Charles Malapert during the period 1618–1626: a key data set to understand solar activity before the Maunder minimum

Carrasco

Gallego

Álvarez

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…Mögling's sunspot group number has been revised throughout and shows values lower than the existing databases (HS98 and V+16), where the individual sunspots in the same group had been occasionally split. Still, Mögling recorded multiple sunspot groups up to five in his observations and was possibly free from the arbitrary selection of the observed sunspots, which was often the case with contemporary sunspot observers (c.f., Carrasco et al, 2019a). Mögling actively recorded spotless days in 1626 -1627 and may further benefit future analyses in ADFs in combination with other contemporary observations.…”

Section: Sunspot Group Numbermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Even after the compilation of the revised database for historical sunspot observations (V+16), such reanalyses are ongoing efforts that have modified a number of historical observational datasets (e.g., Arlt, 2018;Hayakawa et al, 2018aHayakawa et al, , 2018bCarrasco et al, 2019aCarrasco et al, , 2019bKaroff et al, 2019), including long-term observations around the Maunder Minimum (e.g., Carrasco et al, 2019c;Hayakawa et al, 2020aHayakawa et al, , 2021 and the Dalton Minimum (Hayakawa et al, 2020b). Sunspot drawings of the early 17th century are of particular interest, as they provide unique evidence for the solar activity before the Maunder Minimum, and moderate revisions or additions can update the existing understanding (e.g., Vaquero et al, 2011;Carrasco et al, 2019a). To date, the major observers' observational records before the Maunder Minimum have been recently analysed to improve sunspot group number and derive sunspot positions (Arlt et al, 2016;Zolotova, 2018a, 2018b;Carrasco et al, 2019aCarrasco et al, , 2019bCarrasco et al, , 2020Vokhmyanin et al, 2020Vokhmyanin et al, , 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sunspot drawings of the early 17th century are of particular interest, as they provide unique evidence for the solar activity before the Maunder Minimum, and moderate revisions or additions can update the existing understanding (e.g., Vaquero et al, 2011;Carrasco et al, 2019a). To date, the major observers' observational records before the Maunder Minimum have been recently analysed to improve sunspot group number and derive sunspot positions (Arlt et al, 2016;Zolotova, 2018a, 2018b;Carrasco et al, 2019aCarrasco et al, , 2019bCarrasco et al, , 2020Vokhmyanin et al, 2020Vokhmyanin et al, , 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daniel Mögling’s Sunspot Observations in 1626–1629: A Manuscript Reference for the Solar Activity before the Maunder Minimum

Hayakawa

Iju

Murata

et al. 2021

ApJ

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The sunspot groups have been observed since 1610 and their numbers have been used for evaluating the amplitude of solar activity. Daniel Mögling recorded his sunspot observations for more than 100 days in 1626-1629 and formed a significant dataset of sunspot records before the Maunder Minimum. Here, we have analysed his original manuscripts in the Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt (ULBD) to review Mögling's personal profile and observational instruments and derive number and positions of the sunspot groups. In his manuscript, we have identified 134 days with an exact sunspot group number and 3 days of additional descriptions. Our analyses have completely revised their observational dates and group number, added 19 days of hitherto overlooked observations, and removed 8 days of misinterpreted observations. We have also revisited sunspot observations of Schickard and Hortensius and revised their data. These results have been compared with the contemporary observations. Moreover, we have derived the sunspot positions from his sunspot drawings and located them at 2°-23° in the heliographic latitude in both solar hemispheres. Contextualised with contemporary observations, these results indicate their temporal migration to lower heliographic latitudes and emphasise its location in the declining phase

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“…For that reason, new sunspot number series have been published to solve it Clette and Lefèvre, 2016;Svalgaard and Schatten, 2016;Usoskin et al, 2016;Chatzistergos et al, 2017;Willamo, Usoskin, and Kovaltsov, 2017). Furthermore, other works (Carrasco et al, 2015;Neuhäuser and Neuhäuser, 2016;Carrasco et al, 2019) identified problematic observations in the sunspot observation database from which these indices are built. A new revised collection of sunspot group numbers was published (Vaquero et al, 2016, hereafter V16) including corrections for those records and incorporating new data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Amplitude of Solar Cycle 9: The Case of Sunspot Observations by W.C. Bond

et al. 2020

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William Cranch Bond, director of the Harvard College Observatory in mid-19th century, carried out detailed sunspot observations during the period 1847-1849.We highlight Bond was the observer with the highest daily number of sunspot groups observed in Solar Cycle 9 recording 18 groups on 26 December 1848 according to the current sunspot group database. However, we have detected significant mistakes in these counts due to the use of sunspot position tables instead of solar drawings.Therefore, we have revisited the sunspot observations made by Bond, establishing a new group counting. Our new counts of the sunspot groups from Bond's drawings indicate that solar activity was previously overestimated. Moreover, after this new counting, Bond would not be the astronomer who recorded the highest daily group number for Solar Cycle 9 but Schmidt with 16 groups on 14 February 1849. We have also indicated the new highest annual group numbers recorded by any observer for the period 1847-1849 in order to correct those values applied in the "brightest star" method, which is used as a rough indicator of the solar activity level. Furthermore, a comparison between Bond's sunspot records and the sunspot observations made by Schwabe and Wolf is shown. We conclude that the statistics of Wolf and Bond are similar regarding to the group count. Additionally, Schwabe was able to observe smaller groups than Bond.

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Two debatable cases for the reconstruction of the solar activity around the Maunder Minimum: Malapert and Derham

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Sunspot observations by Charles Malapert during the period 1618–1626: a key data set to understand solar activity before the Maunder minimum

Sunspot observations by Charles Malapert during the period 1618–1626: a key data set to understand solar activity before the Maunder minimum

Daniel Mögling’s Sunspot Observations in 1626–1629: A Manuscript Reference for the Solar Activity before the Maunder Minimum

Revisiting the Amplitude of Solar Cycle 9: The Case of Sunspot Observations by W.C. Bond

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