Two developmental switch points for the wing polymorphisms in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Ogawa, Kota; Miura, Toru

doi:10.1186/2041-9139-4-30

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The underlying bases for wing polymorphism have now been studied in several species of insects, showing various environmental, developmental, and genetic controls, often with multiple developmental pathways and regulators e.g. 50 . For instance, the proximate endocrine processes that control wing development have been investigated in wing-polymorphic crickets (Gryllus sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping-by-sequencing supports a genetic basis for alpine wing-reduction in a New Zealand stonefly

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Wing polymorphism is a prominent feature of numerous insect groups, but the genomic basis for this diversity remains poorly understood. Wing reduction is a commonly observed trait in many species of stoneflies, particularly in cold or alpine environments. The widespread New Zealand stonefly Zelandoperla fenestrata species group (Z. fenestrata, Z. tillyardi, Z. pennulata) contains populations ranging from long-winged (macropterous) to vestigial-winged (micropterous), with the latter phenotype typically associated with high altitudes. The presence of flightless forms on numerous mountain ranges, separated by lowland fully winged populations, suggests wing reduction has occurred multiple times. We use Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) to test for genetic differentiation between fully winged (n=62) and vestigial-winged (n=34) individuals, sampled from a sympatric population of distinct wing morphotypes, to test for a genetic basis for wing morphology. We found no population genetic differentiation between these two morphotypes across 6,843 SNP loci, however we did detect several outlier loci that strongly differentiated morphotypes across independent tests. This indicates small regions of the genome are likely to be highly differentiated between morphotypes, indicating a genetic basis for morphotype differentiation. These results provide a clear basis for ongoing genomic analysis to elucidate critical regulatory pathways for wing development in Pterygota.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping-by-sequencing supports a genetic basis for alpine wing-reduction in a New Zealand stonefly

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…However, during the first and second instar stages, it is impossible to distinguish winged nymphs from wingless nymphs by wing apparatus morphology (Ishikawa et al, 2008 ). In the third instar, nymphs destined to be winged aphids have visible wing primordia on mesothorax, whereas no wing primordia are present on wingless nymphs (Ishikawa et al, 2008 ; Ogawa and Miura, 2013 ). Embryos in the ovary of wingless nymphs develop faster than those of winged aphids during the entire nymphal stage (Dixon and Howard, 1986 ; Ishikawa and Miura, 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin-Related Peptide 5 is Involved in Regulating Embryo Development and Biochemical Composition in Pea Aphid with Wing Polyphenism

2016

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In aphids there is a fecundity-dispersal trade-off between wingless and winged morphs. Recent research on the molecular mechanism of wing morphs associated with dispersal reveals that insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (IS) pathway regulate alternation of wing morphs in planthoppers. However, little is known about whether genes in the IS pathway are involved in developmental regulation in aphid nymphs with different wing morphs. In this study, we show that expression of the insulin-related peptide 5 gene (Apirp5) affects biochemical composition and embryo development of wingless pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. After comparing expression levels of major genes in the IS pathway between third instar winged and wingless nymphs, we found that Apirp5 showed higher expression in head and thorax in the wingless nymphs than in the winged nymphs. Although microinjection treatment affects physical performance in aphids, nymphs with RNA interference of Apirp5 had less weight, smaller embryos, and higher carbohydrate and protein contents compared to the control group. Comparison between winged and wingless nymphs showed a similar trend. These results indicate that Apirp5 is involved in embryo development and metabolic regulation in wing dimorphic pea aphid.

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“…We measured the expression levels of the five genes ( as2 , as3 , sam50 , frs2 , and cdg ) that had evidence of transcription, using qRT-PCR. Winged and wingless males are morphologically different by the second nymphal instar [16] and wing morph determination in the environmentally induced wing polyphenism in pea aphid females occurs embryonically [17]. We thus reasoned that the action of api would occur embryonically, but that potentially the first nymphal instar may be important, too.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the genomic basis and evolution of the pea aphid male wing dimorphism

Bickel

Parker

et al. 2017

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SummaryWing dimorphisms have long served as models for examining the ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs associated with alternative morphologies [1], yet the mechanistic basis of morph determination remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the genetic basis of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) wing dimorphism, wherein males exhibit one of two alternative morphologies that differ dramatically in a set of correlated traits that inclused the presence or absence of wings [2-4]. Unlike the environmentally-induced asexual female aphid wing polyphenism [5], the male wing polymorphism is genetically determined by a single uncharacterized locus on the X chromosome called aphicarus (“aphid” plus “Icarus”, api) [6, 7]. Using recombination and association mapping, we localized api to a 130kb region of the pea aphid genome. No nonsynonymous variation in coding sequences strongly associated with the winged and wingless phenotypes, indicating that api is likely a regulatory change. Gene expression level profiling revealed an aphid-specific gene from the region expressed at higher levels in winged male embryos, coinciding with the expected stage of api action. Comparison of the api region across biotypes (pea aphid populations specialized to different host plants that began diverging ~16,000 years ago [8, 9]) revealed that the two alleles were likely present prior to biotype diversification. Moreover, we find evidence for a recent selective sweep of a wingless allele since the biotypes diversified. In sum, this study provides insight into how adaptive, complex traits evolve within and across natural populations.

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Two developmental switch points for the wing polymorphisms in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

Genotyping-by-sequencing supports a genetic basis for alpine wing-reduction in a New Zealand stonefly

Genotyping-by-sequencing supports a genetic basis for alpine wing-reduction in a New Zealand stonefly

Insulin-Related Peptide 5 is Involved in Regulating Embryo Development and Biochemical Composition in Pea Aphid with Wing Polyphenism

Unravelling the genomic basis and evolution of the pea aphid male wing dimorphism

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