Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and antenatal fetal development in Beetal goats

Abstract

Aim:The objective of this study was to compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) study of the pregnant uterus and antenatal development of the fetus.Materials and Methods:2D and 3D ultrasound were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats. The ultrasonographic images were obtained using Toshiba, Nemio-XG (Japan) 3D ultrasound machine.Results:On the 20th day of gestation, earliest diagnosis of pregnancy was done. First 3D ultrasonographic image of the conceptus, through transabdominal approach, was obtained on day 24. On 39th day, clear pictures of conceptus, amniotic membrane, and umbilicus were seen. On 76th day of gestation, internal organs of fetus viz heart, kidney, liver, urinary bladder, and stomach were seen both in 2D and 3D images. 3D imaging showed better details of uterine structures and internal organs of the fetus.Conclusions:Comparing 3D images with 2D images, it is concluded that 2D was better in visualizing fluid while 3D images were better to view details of attachment of fetus with endometrium.

Slaughter of pregnant Tanzania shorthorn Zebu cattle at Morogoro abattoir: Prevalence, fetal wastage, and placentome morphology

“…The size of placentomes varied in the different regions of the uterus and different pregnancy stages. This finding is comparable with observation reported in Fulani Zebu (Okafor et al 2013), Yaks (Liu et al 2010), Indian goats (Kumar et al 2015), and West African Dwarf goats (Igwebuike and Ezeasor 2013). The size of placentomes increased with the stage of pregnancy.…”

Evaluation of pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography in goats

“…In the 1 st month, pregnancy was detected by observing gestational sac or fetus or fetal heart beats, which were sometimes difficult to identify. Several studies reported that accuracy in pregnancy diagnosis from 42 days of gestation was 100% using ultrasonography (Abdelghafar et al, 2010;Amer, 2008;Anwar et al, 2008;Kumar al., 2015;Medan et al, 2004;Omontese et al, 2012), which is consistent with present study. But Fowler and Wilkins (1984) showed 95% accuracy in the diagnosis of pregnancy from 40 to 50 days.…”

Uso de la ecografía para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la gestación en la cabra Murciano-Granadina

“…La mayoría de autores coinciden en afirmar que es una metodología complementaria a la evaluación 2-D y no sustitutiva de esta, y que resulta especialmente útil en la detección de malformaciones fetales tempranas (Karadaev et al, 2019) y para visualizar con mayor detalle las distintas capas de la placenta y de la unión del feto al endometrio. También nos da una imagen más detallada de la superficie del embrión a partir del día 24 de gestación (Kumar et al, 2015). La ecografía 5-D, de uso reciente en reproducción humana, no es sino la 4-D bastante mejorada.…”