“…The continuum model for steady‐state user equilibrium problems, with route choice behavior considered, has been developed (Ho and Wong, 2006; Wong et al, 1998) which has a wide range of applications to, for example, the multi‐commodity cost‐flow relationship (Wong, 1998; Wong et al, 2004), market share determination (Wong and Yang, 1999), elastic market externalities (Yang and Wong, 2000), the cordon‐based congestion pricing problem (Ho et al, 2005), the combined multiclass, distribution and assignment model (Ho et al, 2006), the combined discrete and continuum model (Wong, 1994), and the housing problem (Ho and Wong, 2007). For the dynamic macroscopic modeling of pedestrian flow problems, Hughes (2002) provided a systematic framework without explicitly considering the user equilibrium concept and without providing a numerical solution procedure.…”