Two-Dimensional Coulomb Liquids and Solids

Ginzburg-Landau theory of type II superconductors in magnetic field

“…One can observe lattice of vortices with properties somewhat reminiscent of those of the Abrikosov vortices ( Abo-Shaeer et al, 2001;Baym, 2003;Cooper et al, 2001;Engels et al, 2002;Madison et al, 2000;Sinova et al, 2001;Sonin, 2005;Wu et al, 2007). Another closely relate field is the physics of the 2D electron gas in strong magnetic field (Monarkha and Kono, 2004). In some cases the problem can be formulated in a way similar to the present case with Wigner crystal analogous to the Abrikosov liquid (time playing the role of the z direction of the fluxon), while quenched disorder appears in a way similar to the columnar defects in the vortex physics.…”

Spectroscopy and Dynamics of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas on Ultrathin Helium Films on Cu(111)

“…An electron in this state is still strongly decoupled from the metal surface due to the large negative electron affinity of helium and we find that even one monolayer of helium increases its lifetime by one order of magnitude compared to the bare Cu(111) surface. [4,7, 8] with Fermi temperatures in the mK range, and spacing of the excited states in the microwave regime [9]. For electrons on the bulk surface of He, the maximum density is small: for more than ≈ 2 × 10 9 electrons per cm −2 the layer becomes unstable [10] and the electron gas remains in the classical regime.…”

“…Apart from sheet structures such as graphene, 2D electron systems exist at heterostructures like semiconductor-semiconductor [1,2], semiconductor-insulator [2][3][4], oxide-oxide [5], or metalinsulator interfaces [6], and on the surface of condensed materials with negative electron affinity [4,7,8]. Two limiting cases are known: dense electron layers with Fermi temperatures in the hundred K range in quantum wells, particularly of semiconductor heterostructures [1,2]; and very dilute 2D electron gases in the imagepotential states on top of condensed Helium [4,7,8] with Fermi temperatures in the mK range, and spacing of the excited states in the microwave regime [9]. For electrons on the bulk surface of He, the maximum density is small: for more than ≈ 2 × 10 9 electrons per cm −2 the layer becomes unstable [10] and the electron gas remains in the classical regime.…”

Confinement effects on decay rate of surface electron states over liquid helium

“…We find that the values of the decay rate in later process are rather higher than those for the one-ripplon process previously calculated. The upper-bound limit lifetime of excited states of surface electrons in a quantum dot is found to be t < -10 6 -10 7 -s. Surface electrons (SEs) localized over the liquid helium surface have been an remarkable archetype for studying confined charged systems of low dimensionality [1,2]. In particular and more important, SE systems have been intensively investigated in the last years as potential candidate of qubit generators in quantum computation [3,4].…”