Two-dimensional echocardiography in dogs

Ventricular Function in Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

“…The three‐dimensional LV is defined as the volume circumscribed by mathematic models fitted to the epicardium and endocardium. In experimental animals, we initially used a variant of Simpson’s rule for this calculation [1, 2].…”

“…Quantitative 2‐DE during CPB was developed in our laboratory [1, 2]. Calculations improved with image quality as well as better algorithms for LV end‐diastolic volume (EDV), LVM, and geometry in dogs.…”

“…LVM measurements proved more accurate and reproducible than measurements of LVEDV despite the fact that LVM is defined by the mathematic difference of calculations of the epicardial and endocardial shells. The LVM algorithm we developed was also volume‐dependent; LVM increased artifactually with increasing LVEDV [2, 44, 45, 49]. Although the magnitude of this change was relatively small, accuracy was promoted by correcting for differences in LVEDV [49] or by comparing echocardiograms obtained at matched LVEDV [2].…”

“…The LVM algorithm we developed was also volume‐dependent; LVM increased artifactually with increasing LVEDV [2, 44, 45, 49]. Although the magnitude of this change was relatively small, accuracy was promoted by correcting for differences in LVEDV [49] or by comparing echocardiograms obtained at matched LVEDV [2].…”

“…Intense activity followed our acquisition of 2-DE. Quantitative techniques were developed and validated by Collins et al [1] and Haasler et al [2]. Important early observations included measurement of the effects of cardiac surgery on the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction [3] and afterload [4], as well as qualitative studies [5].…”