Two-Dimensional Electron–Hole Plasma in Colloidal Quantum Shells Enables Integrated Lasing Continuously Tunable in the Red Spectrum

Abstract

Combining integrated optical platforms with solution-processable materials offers a clear path toward miniaturized and robust light sources, including lasers. A limiting aspect for redemitting materials remains the drop in efficiency at high excitation density due to non-radiative quenching pathways, such as Auger recombination. Next to this, lasers based on such materials remain ill characterized, leaving questions about their ultimate performance. Here, we show that colloidal quantum shells (QSs) offer a viable solution for a processable material platform to circumvent these issues. We first show that optical gain in QSs is mediated by a 2D plasma state of unbound electron−hole pairs, opposed to bound excitons, which gives rise to broad-band and sizable gain across the full red spectrum with record gain lifetimes and a low threshold. Moreover, at high excitation density, the emission efficiency of the plasma state does not quench, a feat we can attribute to an increased radiative recombination rate. Finally, QSs are integrated on a silicon nitride platform, enabling high spectral contrast, surface emitting, and TE-polarized lasers with ultranarrow beam divergence across the entire red spectrum from a small surface area. Our results indicate QS materials are an excellent materials platform to realize highly performant and compact on-chip light sources.