Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of <i>Malassezia</i> allergens for atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f 4 homologs with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

Onishi, Yoshimi; Kuroda, Masanobu; Yasueda, Hiroshi; Saito, Akemi; Sono-Koyama, Eiko; Tunasawa, Susumu; Hashida-Okado, Takashi; Yagihara, Tomoko; Uchida, Katsuhisa; Yamaguchi, Hideyo; Akiyama, Kazuo; Kato, Ikuo; Takesako, Kazutoh

doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00247.x

Cited by 58 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Further allergens identified are Mala f 4, a mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, with 83.3% of patients having elevated serum IgE levels to purified Mala f 4 [132]. …”

Section: Fungal Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spectrum of Fungal Allergy

Simon-Nobbe¹,

Denk²,

Pöll³

et al. 2007

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

436

425

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Fungi can be found throughout the world. They may live as saprophytes, parasites or symbionts of animals and plants in indoor as well as outdoor environment. For decades, fungi belonging to the ascomycota as well as to the basidiomycota have been known to cause a broad panel of human disorders. In contrast to pollen, fungal spores and/or mycelial cells may not only cause type I allergy, the most prevalent disease caused by molds, but also a large number of other illnesses, including allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses, allergic sinusitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and atopic dermatitis; and, again in contrast to pollen-derived allergies, fungal allergies are frequently linked with allergic asthma. Sensitization to molds has been reported in up to 80% of asthmatic patients. Although research on fungal allergies dates back to the 19th century, major improvements in the diagnosis and therapy of mold allergy have been hampered by the fact that fungal extracts are highly variable in their protein composition due to strain variabilities, batch-to-batch variations, and by the fact that extracts may be prepared from spores and/or mycelial cells. Nonetheless, about 150 individual fungal allergens from approximately 80 mold genera have been identified in the last 20 years. First clinical studies with recombinant mold allergens have demonstrated their potency in clinical diagnosis. This review aims to give an overview of the biology of molds and diseases caused by molds in humans, as well as a detailed summary of the latest results on recombinant fungal allergens.

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“…Further allergens identified are Mala f 4, a mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, with 83.3% of patients having elevated serum IgE levels to purified Mala f 4 [132]. …”

Section: Fungal Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spectrum of Fungal Allergy

Simon-Nobbe¹,

Denk²,

Pöll³

et al. 2007

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

436

425

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Mal f 4, identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and immunoblotting, was cloned and sequenced (320). The 315-amino-acid protein had a molecular mass of 35 kDa and showed 57% sequence homology to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Antigens Present In Malasseziamentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology of Diseases Associated withMalasseziaSpecies

2002

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SUMMARY Malassezia species are members of the human cutaneous commensal flora, in addition to causing a wide range of cutaneous and systemic diseases in suitably predisposed individuals. Studies examining cellular and humoral immune responses specific to Malassezia species in patients with Malassezia-associated diseases and healthy controls have generally been unable to define significant differences in their immune response. The use of varied antigenic preparations and strains from different Malassezia classifications may partly be responsible for this, although these problems can now be overcome by using techniques based on recent work defining some important antigens and also a new taxonomy for the genus. The finding that the genus Malassezia is immunomodulatory is important in understanding its ability to cause disease. Stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system and activation of the complement cascade contrasts with its ability to suppress cytokine release and downregulate phagocytic uptake and killing. The lipid-rich layer around the yeast appears to be pivotal in this alteration of phenotype. Defining the nonspecific immune response to Malassezia species and the way in which the organisms modulate it may well be the key to understanding how Malassezia species can exist as both commensals and pathogens.

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“…The application of topical antifungal agents to AD patients decreases Malassezia colonization and the severity of eczematous lesions (2), suggesting that Malassezia species play a role in atopic dermatitis. In addition, several candidate Malassezia antigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD (15,19,20,23,34).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Activities of Tacrolimus and Azole Agents against the Eleven Currently Accepted Malassezia Species

Sugita¹,

et al. 2005

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The lipophilic yeast Malassezia is an exacerbating factor in atopic dermatitis (AD) and colonizes the skin surface of patients with AD. With the goal of reducing the number of Malassezia cells, we investigated the antifungal activities of a therapeutic agent for AD, tacrolimus, and the azole agents itraconazole and ketoconazole against Malassezia species in vitro. We examined 125 strains of the 11 currently accepted Malassezia species by using the agar dilution method. All strains of the 11 Malassezia species were very susceptible to both azole agents, with MICs ranging from 0.016 to 0.25 g/ml. Tacrolimus had antifungal activities against half of the strains, with MICs ranging from 16 to 32 g/ml. Two of the major cutaneous floras, Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta, have several genotypes in the intergenic spacer region of the rRNA gene; the azole agents had slightly higher MICs for specific genotype strains of both microorganisms. A combination of azole agents and tacrolimus had a synergistic effect against Malassezia isolates, based on a fractional inhibitory index of 0.245 to 0.378. Our results provide the basis for testing these agents in future clinical trials to reduce the number of Malassezia cells colonizing the skin surface in patients with AD.Although lipophilic yeasts, Malassezia spp., colonize the skin surface of healthy individuals, they may also cause seborrheic dermatitis (SD), pityriasis (tinea) versicolor, and Malassezia folliculitis and may exacerbate atopic dermatitis (AD) (1). AD is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. The standard treatment of AD is topical corticosteroids and topical immunomodulating agents, although some patients do not respond to these treatments. Cutaneous microorganisms are considered an exacerbating factor. Although large numbers of lipophilic Malassezia species organisms colonize the skin surfaces of both AD patients and healthy subjects, anti-Malassezia-specific immunoglobulin E antibody is detected only in AD patient sera (14,16,32). This is probably owing to the disrupted barrier function of the skin surface and the effects of scratching on sensitization to the organisms (30). The application of topical antifungal agents to AD patients decreases Malassezia colonization and the severity of eczematous lesions (2), suggesting that Malassezia species play a role in atopic dermatitis. In addition, several candidate Malassezia antigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD (15,19,20,23,34).In 1996, the taxonomy of the genus Malassezia was revised by Guého et al. (8). The authors described seven species (Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae, M. sympodialis, and M. pachydermatis). Subsequently, Japanese researchers found another four new species: Malassezia dermatis (25), M. yamatoensis (28), M. japonica (27), and M. nana (11) were isolated from an AD patient, SD patients, a healthy individual, and an animal, respectively, between 2002 and 2004. At present, 11 species have been accepted in this genus. By use of the r...

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Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of Malassezia allergens for atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f 4 homologs with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

Cited by 58 publications

References 34 publications

The Spectrum of Fungal Allergy

The Spectrum of Fungal Allergy

Immunology of Diseases Associated withMalasseziaSpecies

Antifungal Activities of Tacrolimus and Azole Agents against the Eleven Currently Accepted Malassezia Species

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