“…The Zn 2p peaks are divided into Zn 2p3/2 (1021.98 eV and 1023.78 eV), and Zn 2p1/2 (1045.08 eV and 1047.08 eV), where the binding energies of 1021.98 eV and 1045.08 eV correspond to Zn 0 , and 1023.78 eV and 1047.08 eV correspond to Zn 2+ [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. In addition, the built-in diagram shows three splitting peaks of O1 at 530.98 eV, 532.38 eV, and 533.78 eV, corresponding to Zn-O, Zn-O-H, and O-H, respectively [ 34 , 35 ]. Figure 2 C shows two distinct splitting peaks at Cu 2p 3/2 (933.23 eV, 952.9 eV) assigned to the metal Cu 0 , demonstrating that the metal Cu is effectively reduced, while the splitting peaks at Cu 2p 1/2 (935.86 eV, 954.95 eV) belong to Cu 2+ (CuO), and the heterogeneous peaks between Cu 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 1/2 are Cu 2+ Satellite [ 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”