Two-Dimensional Iron Phosphorus Trisulfide as a High-Capacity Cathode for Lithium Primary Battery

Abstract

Metal phosphorus trichalcogenide (MPX3) materials have aroused substantial curiosity in the evolution of electrochemical storage devices due to their environment-friendliness and advantageous X-P synergic effects. The interesting intercalation properties generated due to the presence of wide van der Waals gaps along with high theoretical specific capacity pose MPX3 as a potential host electrode in lithium batteries. Herein, we synthesized two-dimensional iron thio-phosphate (FePS3) nanoflakes via a salt-template synthesis method, using low-temperature time synthesis conditions in single step. The electrochemical application of FePS3 has been explored through the construction of a high-capacity lithium primary battery (LPB) coin cell with FePS3 nanoflakes as the cathode. The galvanostatic discharge studies on the assembled LPB exhibit a high specific capacity of ~1791 mAh g−1 and high energy density of ~2500 Wh Kg−1 along with a power density of ~5226 W Kg−1, some of the highest reported values, indicating FePS3’s potential in low-cost primary batteries. A mechanistic insight into the observed three-staged discharge mechanism of the FePS3-based primary cell resulting in the high capacity is provided, and the findings are supported via post-mortem analyses at the electrode scale, using both electrochemical- as well as photoelectron spectroscopy-based studies.

Investigating and characterizing electrical properties of polypyrrole/SiO2/FePS3 nanocomposite

“…The figure shows sharp hkl peaks of FePS 3 and it is indexed in the monoclinic unit cell 31 . The peaks are at 13.74, 27.7, 30.33, 35.38, 44.7, 48.55, and 53.26° that correspond to the planes (100), (002), (130), (131), (132), (133), and (331) that matching with JCPDS 78‐0496, is in accordance with the previous studies 32,33 …”

“…31 The peaks are at 002), ( 130), ( 131), ( 132), (133), and (331) that matching with JCPDS 78-0496, is in accordance with the previous studies. 32,33 The structure of the nanocomposite was also examined by XRD as shown in Figure 1B. It was noted that the same peaks of the FePS 3 were observed in the XRD pattern of the composite, in addition to the presence of a noticeable broad peak in the 2ϴ range of 20 -30 , which indicate the amorphous structure of both the PPy and SiO 2 as reported previously.…”

Layered 2D Materials in Batteries

“…202 For example, Dai et al synthesized FePS 3 as an efficient cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, demonstrating outstanding performance, including high specific capacity (1791 mAh g −1 ) and energy density (2500 Wh kg −1 ). 203 Analysis results indicate that defect centers and the formation of cathode−electrolyte interface layers during discharge lead to high capacities in the first and third stages, while the second stage is primarily attributed to the lithiation process within the FePS 3 layers. Even at high discharge current densities of up to 1 A g −1 , the cathode material based on FePS 3 can still provide a specific capacity of 867 mAh g −1 .…”

“…MPX 3 has thus emerged as a high-performance electrode material in Li/Na batteries . For example, Dai et al synthesized FePS 3 as an efficient cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, demonstrating outstanding performance, including high specific capacity (1791 mAh g –1 ) and energy density (2500 Wh kg –1 ) . Analysis results indicate that defect centers and the formation of cathode–electrolyte interface layers during discharge lead to high capacities in the first and third stages, while the second stage is primarily attributed to the lithiation process within the FePS 3 layers.…”

Review of Mott–Schottky-Based Nanoscale Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting

“…To overcome these challenges and enhance the yield of H 2 , it is crucial to develop dynamic and robust electrocatalysts with low overpotentials to minimize kinetic energy barriers. The fortunate diversity of two-dimensional (2D) layered material includes carbon materials, carbon nitride, various transition-metal-based oxides, , oxyhydroxides, sulfides, selenides, carbides, nitrides, MXenes, and metal phosphorus chalcogenides, − each exhibiting different structures, morphologies, crystalline phases boundaries, particles shapes, size and surface vs bulk atom properties, chemical bonding, composition, and electronic states . These components are extensively studied across the scientific community to develop excellent water electrolysis capabilities.…”