Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography of the Left Atrium: Feasibility and Regional Contraction and Relaxation Differences in Normal Subjects

Quantitative assessment of the left atrial myocardial deformation in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation by strain and strain rate imaging: an observational study

“…Approximately 42% of the stroke volume is stored by the reservoir function of LA (28). The peristaltic-like movement of LA contraction, which begins at the superior aspect near the pulmonary veins, may minimize the backward atrial regurgitation flowing to the pulmonary veins, while moving blood towards the mitral annulus and the LV (29). Evaluation of LA myocardial function with conventional echocardiographic methods is very difficult and complex due to absence of appropriate objective methods.…”

EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterization, and clinical implication

“…383,384 New echocardiographic techniques-Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echo has been used as a more sensitive marker to detect early functional remodelling before anatomical alterations occur. [385][386][387][388][389][390][391][392][393][394][395][396][397][398][399][400] Strain (S) and strain rate (SR) imaging provide data on myocardial deformation by estimating spatial gradients in myocardial velocities. 385,388,392,393,[401][402][403][404][405] This technique has been used as a surrogate of LA structural remodelling and fibrosis.…”

Assessment of Left Atrial Deformation and Function by 2‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

“…In this manner, STE allows for the assessment of myocardial function independent of cardiac translation and angle of insonation 3, 4, 10. In people, reference range values, feasibility, and reproducibility of STE for the study of LA mechanics have been extensively documented 12, 13, 14, 15. Furthermore, the clinical and prognostic importance of STE variables has been demonstrated in numerous pathophysiologic conditions typically associated with abnormal LA function, including MMVD, atrial fibrillation, systemic hypertension, and dilated, as well as hypertrophic, cardiomyopathy 3, 4, 10, 16, 17.…”