Two-dimensional system based on organic and functional impairment with aging for precisely assessing risk factors in chronic disease

Abstract

The aim of the study was to establish a two-dimensional system based on organic and functional biological age (BA) using a biomarker of organic and functional impairment with aging for precisely assessing roles of natural aging and other risk factors in chronic disease. Material and methods: The index of organic mild impairment, which is similar to the frailty index, was determined with imaging parameters as organic BA. The functional BA was calculated with the following formula: Functional BA = [systolic-diastolic BP (mm Hg)] × waist circumference 2 (m) × height 0.5 (m)/weight (kg). A total of 1047 subjects undergoing routine health examination were randomly selected to establish a system with organic BA on the X-axis, functional BA on the Y-axis; organic and functional BAs from chronological age with 60 years as a center point of the coordinate system. A total of 85 patients with type 2 diabetes controls were recruited to verify the system. Results: Organic and functional BA contributed to chronological age almost equally. Both organic and functional BA increased with chronological age in the two-dimensional system for a random population. There were significant difference for distribution between diabetes and control groups in two-dimensional system (p < 0.05). That both more in quadrant II and lesser in quadrant IV for diabetes were suggested that diabetes was more sensitive to other risk factors than aging. Conclusions: Combination of the two BAs could precisely recognized aging and other risk factors according to locations of the disease in each quadrant and quantitatively assessed status of nature aging and disease-related aging in a individual.

Changes in threats from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and lung cancer with environmental improvements in China: Quantitative evaluation and prediction based on a model with age as a probe

“…Improvements in socioeconomic and environmental conditions have increased the longevity of older populations globally. However, the development of chronic diseases, including respiratory chronic diseases, is generally driven by aging and nonaging factors [ [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Aging is an omnipresent temporal variable for all living organisms, affecting the basal levels of health.…”

Quantitative evaluation of the role of aging and non-aging factors for predicting threats from major chronic diseases and developing control strategies

“…Chronic diseases have become a major threat to survival and the primary cause of death worldwide, in light of socioeconomic development [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. An increasing elderly population with greater longevity might be important reason for this [ [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Nevertheless, there is a tendency toward a reduced incidence for some chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 7 ].…”

“…More importantly, strength of aging and non-aging factors also changes with time, such as economic, social, environmental, and human health. Therefore, aging and non-aging factors include many variables that change with time, which is inconsistent with the increasing life expectancy that is occurring within developed societies [ 3 , 5 , 8 ]. Thus, it is necessary to assess the degree of threat from aging and non-aging factors at different times and the burden that different chronic diseases present to health and survival.…”

A new pathway for considering trigger factors based on parallel-serial connection models and displaying the relationships of causal factors in low-probability events

“…A complex event, such as success in a certain field, longevity or the occurence of disease, is the result of multifactor interactions [ 1 – 3 ]. Such events are associated with multiple factors and do not depend on a specific factor.…”