Efficient recovery of dyes from textile
wastewaters using membrane-based
technologies calls for membranes with low rejection of salts but high
rejection of dyes. In this study, we intercalated the rigid 2D-ultrathin
MXene (Ti3C2T
x
)
nanosheet into the loose framework assembled by 1D aramid nanofibers
and obtained a MXene-reinforced aramid nanofiber (ANF) membrane. The
optimized MXene-reinforced ANF membrane (20 wt % MXene loading) exhibited
a high selectivity of dye/salt, that is, 99.1 ± 0.3% for Alcian
Blue, 96.1 ± 2.4% for Congo Red, 98.6 ± 0.9% for Rose Bengal,
and extremely low rejection of salts (<0.2%) at a concentration
of 5 g L–1 of NaCl with separation factors of 826,
1068, and 758 for Alcian Blue, Congo Red, and Rose Bengal, respectively.
Moreover, the membrane permeability could reach 195.3 ± 6.5 L
m–2 h–1 bar–1. The MXene-reinforced ANF membrane demonstrated a superior separation
performance to most of the other reported membranes for dye/salt fraction.
Mechanistic investigation showed that the reinforced rigidity of the
membrane by the intercalated MXene was the main mechanism for the
enhanced permeability and selectivity of the MXene/ANF composite membrane
(that is, a nanochannel of 2.34 nm was maintained for the MXene/ANF
composite membrane after filtration while the nanochannel of the ANF
membrane was increased from 2.27 to 2.43 nm). The results highlight
that the nanofibrous membranes reinforced by rigid 2D materials are
promising for an effective separation of dyes and salts in textile
wastewaters.