Two Gentlemen of Dubuque

A meta-analytic review of the distribution of practice effect: Now you see it, now you don't.

“…This lack of structured and consistent empirical examination of retention performance has created considerable confusion. Although researchers generally agree that massed practice is inferior to spaced practice for motor skill acquisition, the effects of the distribution of practice on motor skill retention are much less clear (e.g., Magill, 1985; Sage, 1984). Given that the focus of most organizational training programs is on the application of the skills or knowledge learned at some later time in a potentially different environment (i.e., transfer of training), this omission is clearly an important oversight that must be remedied if the findings on distribution of practice are to be of practical use.…”

Movement Cognition and Dance Notation

“…A form of conceptualization can be the verbalization. The importance of verbalization as the cognitive determinant of discrete motor sequences a number of other researchers stressed also, because the individual striving to understand the movement can get to the independent formulation of idea on movement (Cantor 1965;Goss 1955;McAllister 1953;Sage 1984). But the cognition of a motor task can have a non-verbal aspect, and imagery is the candidate for it (Paivio 1971;Piaget 1974;Engelkamp 1991).…”

Estrutura de prática e processo adaptativo na aquisição de habilidades motoras

“…Pode-se ressaltar, tambem, que habilidades motoras sao executadas com consistencia, precisao e certeza (SAGE, 1984). Um jogador de basquetebol de alto nivel, por exemplo, converte a maioria dos arremessos que executa durante um jogo, alem de exibir sempre padrao semelhante de arremesso.…”

“…Alem do mais, esses arremessos sao convertidos independentemente do tipo de marcagao que o adversario execute sobre ele, demonstrando, portanto, flexibilidade e, por conseguinte adaptabilidade (CLARK, 1997;NEWELL, 1996). A capacidade de adaptagao de agoes habilidosas tern sido muitas vezes utilizada como um indicador de competencia (CONNOLLY & BRUNER, 1974;SAGE, 1984;TANI, 1999).…”

“…A par das consideragoes sobre as caracteristicas de habiiidades motoras, um aspecto central a ressaltar e que elas sao comportamentos adquiridos, fruto de aprendizagem, e tem a pratica como elemento fundamental para sua aquisigao (PROCTOR & DUTRA, 1995;SAGE, 1984;SCHMIDT & LEE, 1998).…”