Two HIV-1 Epidemics in Argentina: Different Genetic Subtypes Associated With Different Risk Groups

Ávila, María Mercedes; Pando, María A.; Carrión, Gladys; Peralta, Liliana Martínez; Salomón, Horacio; Carrillo, Manuel; Sánchez, José Luis; Maulen, Sergio; Hierholzer, J.; Marinello, Mark; Negrete, Mónica; Russell, Kevin L.; Carr, Jean K.

doi:10.1097/00042560-200204010-00015

Cited by 24 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This is in accordance with the observation that subtype F is almost absent in the region while the majority of non-B strains are recombinant BF and also with the fact that the majority of BF recombinants share similar patterns of recombination highly related to those found in CRF12_BF. [12][13][14][15][16]19 Regarding the estimated evolutionary rates, our estimation of around 0.00162 substitution per year per site for the gag dataset is similar to that obtained for the gag gene by Korber et al . 5 (0.0009-0.0027) and our estimation of around 0.00419 for the env gene is also similar to that estimated for env by Leitner et al 47 (0.0046-0.0088) and Robbins et al 34 (0.00473), but higher than that obtained by Korber et al 5 for env (0.0018-0.0028).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…10,[12][13][14][15][16]30,31 Because we were analyzing the origin of the epidemic in South America and considering that the first detected cases of AIDS in the region occurred in Brazil and Argentina, we looked mainly for sequences derived from those two countries. In addition, the number of HIV sequences from other countries is very limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current evidence about the origin of the BF epidemic was obtained from characterization of the recombinant structures. Those studies found that the majority of the BF recombinant sequences share common breakpoints that are identical to those found in circulating recombinant form 12 (CRF12_BF), [12][13][14][15][16]19 which was the first recombinant to be identified in the region, suggesting a common BF recombinant ancestor. Later, new HIV circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) between subtype B and F, such as CRF28_BF and CRF29_BF, were identified in the region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several studies on molecular characterization have shown that HIV-1 epidemics in South America are constituted not only by subtype B strains but also by subtype F strains, as well as recombinants between both subtype B and F. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] In particular, the prevalence of BF recombinants is significantly higher than that observed for pure subtype F strains, reaching a prevalence similar to subtype B strains in some regions. 14 Considering the genetic distance between subtypes B and F, the presence of the BF recombinants in South America can only be explained by a second introduction of HIV-1 into the American Continent, independent of what occurred in the Caribbean/U.S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of HIV Type 1 BF Recombinant Sequences from South America Dates the Origin of CRF12_BF to a Recombination Event in the 1970s

Dilernia

Jones²,

Pando

et al. 2011

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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HIV-1 epidemics in South America are believed to have originated in part from the subtype B epidemic initiated in the Caribbean/North America region. However, circulation of BF recombinants in similar proportions was extensively reported. Information currently shows that many BF recombinants share a recombination structure similar to that found in the CRF12_BF. In the present study, analyzing a set of 405 HIV sequences, we identified the most likely origin of the BF epidemic in an early event of recombination. We found that the subtype B epidemics in South America analyzed in the present study were initiated by a founder event that occurred in the early 1970s, a few years after the introduction of these strains in the Americas. Regarding the F/BF recombinant epidemics, by analyzing a subtype F genomic segment within the viral gene gag present in the majority of the BF recombinants, we found evidence of a geographic divergence very soon after the introduction of subtype F strains in South America. Moreover, through analysis of a subtype B segment present in all the CRF12_BF-like recombination structure, we estimated the circulation of the subtype B strain that gave rise to that recombinant structure around the same time period estimated for the introduction of subtype F strains. The HIV epidemics in South America were initiated in part through a founder event driven by subtype B strains coming from the previously established epidemic in the north of the continent. A second introduction driven by subtype F strains is likely to have encountered the incipient subtype B epidemic that soon after their arrival recombined with them, originating the BF epidemic in the region. These results may explain why in South America the majority of F sequences are found as BF recombinants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysis of HIV Type 1 BF Recombinant Sequences from South America Dates the Origin of CRF12_BF to a Recombination Event in the 1970s

Dilernia

Jones²,

Pando

et al. 2011

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The recombinants include CRF12_BF and many more B/F URFs. Strains seem to segregate according to risk factor; mostly subtype B in men who have sex with men, but many recombinants among heterosexuals and IDUs [39]. Subtype C sequences are beginning to be detected in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay at low levels and also in southern Brazil [40,41].…”

Section: South America and The Caribbeanmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV diversity, molecular epidemiology, and the role of recombination

Kijak

McCutchan²

2005

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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The magnitude of the HIV pandemic and its extensive genetic variation may earn it a unique place among infectious agents. A high mutation rate and a rampant recombination are driving HIV's evolution. Nine subtypes and a variety of recombinant forms of HIV now exist. The source of recombinant forms is the multiple infection of target cells, which becomes highly significant when individuals become infected with two or more divergent strains. In the current paper, we re-examine the role of dual infection and recombination in the generation of HIV-1 diversity, both in individuals and on a global scale. The current molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 is reviewed, emphasizing the latest reports from regional epidemics.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase mutation patterns among treatment‐naive patients in different stages of infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Varella

Ferreira

Castro

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Virology

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The presence of genetic mutations in HIV-1-positive untreated individuals and its contribution to treatment failure, either in an individual or on a population basis, remains an important concern. The goal was to analyze and compare HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes of untreated individuals with chronic and recent infections. Fifty-one chronic infected individuals for whom initiation of antiretroviral treatment had been recommended and 20 individuals with recent documented HIV-1 seroconversion had their plasma viral RNA extracted and the PR and RT genes sequenced in order to determine subtype, presence of genetic polymorphisms and mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs. All 20 recent seroconvertors were infected with subtype B viruses. Of the 51 chronically infected patients, 40 (78.4%), 7 (13.7%), and 2 (3.9%) were infected with subtypes B, F, and C, respectively. Two (3.9%) hybrid forms were also observed in two individuals with chronic infection: D/B and D/F. Despite seroconversion stage, type and quantity of mutations were similar to both groups (P = 0.961). This group also presented the only (1.4%) drug-resistance mutation (M184V) among all samples investigated. In summary, the present study shows a high occurrence of equivalent polymorphisms unrelated to drug resistance in samples collected from untreated HIV-1- infected individuals in different seroconversion status, and suggests low primary resistance mutations. Results also indicate that non-B subtypes circulating in Rio de Janeiro have specific Brazilian non-synonymous mutations.

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Two HIV-1 Epidemics in Argentina: Different Genetic Subtypes Associated With Different Risk Groups

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Analysis of HIV Type 1 BF Recombinant Sequences from South America Dates the Origin of CRF12_BF to a Recombination Event in the 1970s

Analysis of HIV Type 1 BF Recombinant Sequences from South America Dates the Origin of CRF12_BF to a Recombination Event in the 1970s

HIV diversity, molecular epidemiology, and the role of recombination

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase mutation patterns among treatment‐naive patients in different stages of infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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